+++ በስመ ሥላሴ ዋሕድ።
Genesis 8:8
Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground.
Genesis 8:21
And the Lord smelled a sweet savour; and the Lord said in His heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done.
Exodus 8:1
And the Lord spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord, Let My people go, that they may serve Me.
Psalm 8
3 When I consider Thy heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained;
4 What is man, that Thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that Thou visitest him?
Isaiah 53:8
He was taken from prison and from judgment,
And who will declare His generation?
For He was cut off from the land of the living;
For the transgressions of My people He was stricken.
Isaiah 64
1 Oh that Thou wouldest rend the heavens, that Thou wouldest come down, that the mountains might flow down at Thy presence,
8 But now, O Lord, Thou art our father; we are the clay, and Thou our potter; and we all are the work of Thy hand.
9 Be not wroth very sore, O Lord, neither remember iniquity for ever: behold, see, we beseech Thee, we are all Thy people.
Jeremiah 33
2 Thus saith the Lord the maker thereof, the Lord that formed it, to establish it; the Lord is His name;
3 Call unto Me, and I will answer thee, and show thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest not.
8 And I will cleanse them from all their iniquity, whereby they have sinned against Me; and I will pardon all their iniquities, whereby they have sinned, and whereby they have transgressed against Me.
Matthew 16:16
And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God.
John 8
31 Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on Him, If ye continue in My word, then are ye My disciples indeed;
32 And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.
Revelation 21
1 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.
5 And He that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And He said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful.
6 And He said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely.
33 = the # of years Our Savior and God lived on earth in the flesh
21 = monthly day of Our Lady's holiday
16 = monthly day of Our Lady's Covenant of Mercy (ኪዳነ ምሕረት) holiday
64 = the # of years Our Lord's mother lived on earth in the flesh
8 = √64
+ The Divine Name אֱלֹהִים Elohim appears 33 times in the story of creation in the opening chapters of Genesis.
+ There are 33 holidays of Our Lady the Holy Virgin in a year.
+ 64 and 33 come after the 21st decimal point of the number π - 3.1415926535897932384626433
+ The Lord's Day is also known as the "eighth day," i.e. the day which will have "no need of sun or moon to shine upon it, for the glory of God is its light and its lamp is the Lamb" (Rev. 21:23). The "eighth day" is a term which indicates the final age, when the new creation, already begun by the resurrection of Christ, will be fulfilled and completed; when the new world will be ushered in by the general resurrection.
+ Oxygen is the chemical element with atomic number 8. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% (almost 21!) of the Earth's atmosphere.
+ There are 8 known planets in the Solar System under the current definition of planet.
+ There were 8 people on Noah's Ark.
+ The O.T. religious rite of circumcision is held on a baby boy's 8th day of life.
+ The number of Beatitudes (አንቀጸ ብፁዓን) is 8.
+ There are 8 people, including Our Lady the Mother of God, known as ማርያም Mariam in the Holy Bible.
+ International Women's Day is celebrated on the 8th of March every year.
+ In music, an octave (Latin: octavus - eighth) or perfect octave is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been referred to as the "basic miracle of music", the use of which is "common in most musical systems". The interval between the first and second harmonics of the harmonic series is an octave.
+ In the late 1880s, piano manufacturer Steinway created the 88-key piano. Other manufacturers followed suit, and Steinway’s model has been the standard ever since.
+ The number 8 is considered to be a lucky number in Chinese and other Asian cultures. Property with the number 8 may be valued greatly by Chinese. For example, a Hong Kong number plate with the number 8 was sold for $640,000. Eight is also considered a lucky number in Japan.
+ Eight-ball pocket billiards is played with a cue ball and 15 numbered balls, the black ball numbered 8 being the middle and most important one, as the winner is the player or side that legally pockets it after first pocketing its numerical group of 7 object balls.
+ In chess, each side has 8 pawns and the board is made of 64 squares arranged in an 8 by 8 lattice. The 8 queens puzzle is a challenge to arrange 8 queens on the board so that none can capture any of the others.
+ 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics opening ceremony began at 8 p.m. on 8 August 2008. This was the first time China had hosted the Summer Olympic Games, and the third time the Games had been held in Asia, following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, and the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.
+ The shape of a sideways figure eight infinity symbol ∞ is a mathematical symbol representing the concept of infinity.
+ There are 33 vertebrae (bones) in the human spine (backbone).
+ 1776 (1+7+7+6=21, 888+888=1776) is the year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
+ A 21-gun salute is the most commonly recognized of the customary gun salutes that are performed by the firing of cannons or artillery as a military honor.
A.D. 330
+ Constantinople became the site of Roman Emperor Constantine’s “New Rome,” a Christian city of immense wealth and magnificent architecture. It stood as the seat of the Byzantine Empire for the next 1,100 years. (The city fell on May 29, 1453 after a 53-day siege.)
A.D. 640
+ July 6, 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army (15,000 men) defeats the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).
+ December 22, 640 – On orders of the Saracen leader, Amar, the Serapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the destruction of the Library of Alexandria, is burned down, along with its collection of 500,000 manuscripts.
A.D. 800
+ December 25, 800 - Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor as Charles I, with the title "Emperor of the Franks and the Lombards". The coronation takes place during Mass at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, on Christmas Day. The Frankish Empire is formed in Western Europe.
833
+ Byzantine-Arab War: Emperor Theophilos signs an armistice for peace with the Abbasid Caliphate. He offers the caliph 100,000 gold dinars, in return for 7000 Byzantine prisoners.
864
+ The Christianization of Bulgaria begins: Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, is converted to Orthodox Christianity. His family and high-ranking dignitaries accept the Orthodox faith at the capital, Pliska.
+ King Alfonso III conquers Porto from the Emirate of Cordoba. This is the end of the direct Muslim domination of the Douro region.
888
+ Oct. 888 – Battle of Milazzo: the Aghlabids score a crushing victory over a Byzantine fleet off Sicily.
988
+ The Baptism of Russia - This event has defined the development path for many nations. The turning point occurred in 988 in Kiev, when Prince Vladimir accepted Orthodox Christianity, and then ordered all the inhabitants of Kiev to appear at the Dnieper River for baptism.
1016
+ The Pisan and the Genoese republics launch a naval offensive against the Muslim strongholds of Sardinia, in particular Porto Torres, and defeat the fleet of the taifa king.
1064
+ European warriors go to Spain, to participate in the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is sanctioned by Pope Alexander II – and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.
+ The Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan invade Anatolia, and capture Ani after a siege of 25-days. He sacks the city and slaughters its citizens.
1221
+ May 13, 1221 - Prince Alexander Nevsky was born in the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Voted the “greatest Russian” in 2008, Nevsky is a household name and a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.
The 1938 historical drama film Alexander Nevsky was directed by Sergei Eisenstein (1898–1948). In 2008, seventy years later, the prince and saint made a comeback in a prequel, Alexander: The Battle of the Neva.
In a ceremony also attended by Patriarch Kirill, in 2021 Russian President Vladimir Putin unveiled a majestic memorial complex in northwestern Russia’s Pskov Region to mark the 800th anniversary since Alexander Nevsky’s birth.
1416
+ Jan. 27, 1416 – The Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik, in today's Croatia) banned the slave trade, becoming among the first countries in the world to ban the buying and selling of slaves.
1464
+ June 18, 1464 – Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusades, and departs for Ancona to participate in person.
+ June 23, 1464 – Christian I of Denmark and Norway, who is also serving as King of Sweden, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne on August 9.
+ Aug. 21, 1464 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.
1488
+ Jan. 8, 1488 – The Royal Netherlands Navy is formed, by the decree of Maximillian of Austria.
+ July 28, 1488 – Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier: Troops loyal to King Charles VIII of France defeat rebel forces, led by the Dukes of Orleans and Brittany, in the main engagement of the Mad War.
1508
+ May 8, 1508 – Italian renaissance artist Michelangelo of Florence signs a contract with the Vatican to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, in return for a promised fee of 3,000 gold ducats.
1521
+ Jan. 3, 1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther.
+ Apr. 27, 1521 - Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães or Ferdinand Magellan (b. 1480) was killed by a poison arrow during a skirmish on the island of Mactan in what is now the Philippines.
It took three months for his fleet to make its way slowly across the vast Mar Pacifico. By the time Magellan and his crew reached the Philippines, they had been at sea for more than a year.
+ May 20, 1521 - Cannonball moment: Basque soldier Saint Ignatius of Loyola was struck by a cannonball while defending the city of Pamplona (Spain) against the French army. This event changed the course of his life and ultimately led to the foundation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
+ Aug. 8, 1521 – Fall of Tenochtitlan: Hernán Cortés and allied local indigenous peoples of the Americas defeat the Aztec forces of Cuauhtémoc, the last Aztec Emperor.
+ Aug. 29, 1521 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman Turks.
+ Dec. 21, 1521 - The ship Victoria left Tidore Island bound for Seville. Of the five ships that set sail on the historic voyage to find the Spice Islands (now the Moluccas), she was the only one to return to Spain, making her the first ship known to successfully circumnavigate the globe. Victoria was named after the church of Santa María de la Victoria de Triana (Seville, Spain) where Magellan had taken an oath of allegiance to the Spanish king.
(Dec. 12, 1531)
+ (12-12-1531, 1+2+1+2+1+5+3+1 = 16) 57 years old St. Juan Diego received the holy icon of Guadalupe on his tilma from Our Lady the Holy Virgin Mother of God on Dec. 12, 1531.
1533
+ July 11, 1533 – Henry VIII and Archbishop Cranmer are excommunicated by Pope Clement VII.
1564
+ Nov. 21, 1564 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi sails from Mexico. Later, he will conquer the Philippine Islands, founding Manila.
(Meskerem 27, 1564 Ethiopian calendar)
+ The Battle of Lepanto, a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571. Pope Pius V instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory, and King Philip II of Spain used the victory to strengthen his position as the defender of Christendom against Muslim incursion.
More than a military victory, Lepanto was a moral one. For decades, the Ottoman Turks had terrified Europe, and Christians rejoiced at this setback for the Ottomans. The mystique of Ottoman power was tarnished significantly by this battle, and Christian Europe was heartened.
1588
+ Aug. 8, 1588 - The British Navy defeated the Spanish Armada in the Battle of Gravelines off the coast of France.
1600
+ Feb. 19, 1600 - Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, the worst to be recorded in South America.
+ Apr. 19, 1600 – The first Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan, the Liefde ("Love"), anchors in Sashifu, in the Bungo Province.
+ Oct. 21, 1600 – Battle of Sekigahara in Japan: Tokugawa Ieyasu gains nominal control over the whole country.
+ Dec. 31, 1600 – The East India Company is granted a Royal Charter in the Kingdom of England for trade with Asia.
+ 1600 - Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan.
- William Shakespeare's (1564 – 1616) plays Henry IV, Part 2, Henry V, The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing are published in London.
1608
+ Oct. 2, 1608 - Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch Parliament.
1616
+ Feb. 26, 1616 - Galileo was ordered by the Roman Inquisition to cease to defend heliocentrism in any way whatsoever. And yet ... the idea that the Church is anti-science comes from anti-clerical politicians in Europe and anti-immigrant prejudice in America during the 19th century.
+ Mar. 1616 – Action of 1616, La Goulette, Tunisia: A Spanish squadron under Francisco de Ribera defeats a Tunisian fleet.
+ Sept. 15, 1616 – The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
+ Nov. 30, 1616 – Cardinal Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, is named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu will change France into a unified centralized state, able to resist both England and the Habsburg Empire.
+ 1616 - Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanking, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong.
1621
+ June 3, 1621 – The Dutch West India Company is founded.
+ June 21, 1621 - Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague by the Austrian House of Habsburg as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain, fought on 8 November 1620.
+ Oct. 1621 - The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the First Thanksgiving, noted for peaceful co-existence.
+ Dec. 3, 1621 - The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (Feb. 15, 1564 – Jan. 8, 1642) announced that he had perfected his telescope. (21 + 21 = 42)
1633
+ Feb. 13, 1633 – Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome, for his trial before the Inquisition.
+ July 8, 1633 – Battle of Oldendorf: The Swedish Empire defeat the Holy Roman Empire.
+ Oct. 22, 1633 – A large Ming dynasty fleet, under Zheng Zhilong, defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet, at the island of Quemoy.
+ 1633 - In Ethiopia, Emperor Fasilides expels the Jesuit missionaries.
- Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan begins issuing the Sakoku Edicts outlawing Christianity, beginning a policy of extreme isolationism until 1853.
- A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at Cambridge University.
1648
+ Jan. 30, 1648 - The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch Revolt (1568–1648), the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish king, ended with the Treaty of Münster between Spain and the Netherlands. The Dutch Republic was recognized as an independent state.
+ Oct. 24, 1648 - The Peace of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years' War and radically shifting the balance of power in Europe. The principle of state sovereignty emerged as a result of the treaty and serves as the basis for the modern system of nation-states.
1664
+ Aug. 1, 1664 – Battle of Saint Gotthard: The Ottoman Empire is defeated by a Habsburg army, leading to the Peace of Vasvár.
+ Aug. 27, 1664 - Dutch colony of New Netherland surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron without bloodshed. The English promptly rename the fledgling city New York, after the Duke of York.
1688
+ Apr. 18, 1688 - Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery: the first written protest against slavery in the new world was drafted by Francis Daniel Pastorius, a young German attorney and three other Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia). The protest was based on the Bible's Golden Rule. “Is there any that would be done or handled in this manner?” the petition asked.
+ May 4, 1688 – King James II of England orders his Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against Catholics, to be read from every Anglican pulpit in England. The Church of England and its supporters are outraged; on June 8 the Archbishop of Canterbury is imprisoned in the Tower of London for refusing to proclaim it.
+ Sept. 6, 1688 – Great Turkish War: The Habsburg army captures Belgrade.
+ Nov. 23, 1688 – A group of 1,500 Old Believers immolate themselves to avoid capture, when troops of the tsar lay siege to their monastery on Lake Onega.
+ Dec. 9, 1688 – The Battle of Reading takes place in Reading, Berkshire, and ends in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange.
+ Dec. 18, 1688 – William of Orange enters London.
1708
+ Aug. 29, 1708 – A native American attack in Haverhill, Massachusetts kills 16 settlers.
+ Oct. 9, 1708 – Battle of Lesnaya: Peter the Great of Russia defeats the forces of the Swedish Empire.
+ Oct. 26, 1708 – The construction of St Paul's Cathedral in London is completed.
1716
+ Aug. 5, 1716 – Battle of Petrovaradin: Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat Ottoman Turks under Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (who is killed).
+ Oct. 16, 1716 - The Ottomans surrendered Timișoara to Prince Eugene of Austria after a siege of 43 days. After the war, a church commemorating this event was built on Tekije, on the hill over battlefield, and is dedicated to Our Lady of Tekije, also known as Our Lady of the Snows. The church has both Catholic and Orthodox altars and both Christian denominations use it.
+ 1716 - The Kangxi Dictionary is published, laying the foundation of most references to Han (Chinese) characters studied today.
1721
+ Nov. 2, 1721 - Peter I is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias.
+ 1721 - Regular mail service between London and New England is established.
- A suggestion box is developed under the eighth shōgun of Japan, Yoshimune Tokugawa.
1733
+ Oct. 5, 1733 – The election of Augustus III, to succeed his father as King of Poland, sparks the War of the Polish Succession. A major European conflict, the war was formally ended with the Treaty of Vienna signed on 18 November 1738.
+ Dec. 25, 1733 - The Molasses Act of 1733 was one of a series of acts of the British Parliament meant to control the trade of the North American colonies. This act along with many others caused an enormous uproar in the colonies that eventually led to the American Revolutionary War.
1764
+ Apr. 5, 1764 - British Parliament passes the Sugar Act, also known as the American Revenue Act 1764, a revenue-raising act.
+ Apr. 27, 1764 – Eight-year-old child prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart performs a private concert before King George III and Queen Charlotte in Great Britain.
+ May 3, 1764 – Swiss neutrality is born: Baden, one of the member states of the Confederation of Switzerland, declares a policy of remaining neutral in future conflicts, a model that is soon followed by other members of the Confederation.
+ July 8, 1764 – The Niagara Conference begins, to negotiate the end of the hostilities from the French and Indian War.
+ Aug. 1, 1764 – The Treaty of Fort Niagara is signed between Great Britain and 44 North American Indian nations, brings an end to the ongoing war.
+ Oct. 15, 1764 – English scholar Edward Gibbon conceives the idea of writing The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, "as I sat musing amid the ruins of the Capitol."
+ 1764 - Catherine the Great establishes the first secondary education school for females in Russia – The Smolny Institute, for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg.
(July 4, 1776)
+ (1776, 1+7+7+6=21, 888+888=1776) The United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
1780
+ Aug. 24, 1780 – Louis XVI of France abolishes the use of torture in extracting confessions.
+ Oct. 10–16, 1780 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and Sint Eustatius; 22,000 are killed.
+ Nov. 28, 1780 – A lightning strike in Saint Petersburg begins a fire that burns 11,000 homes.
1788
+ Jan. 26, 1788 – Australia Day: Eleven ships led by Captain Arthur Phillip land at Sydney Cove (which will become Sydney), Australia.
+ Mar. 21, 1788 – The Great New Orleans Fire kills 25% of the population and destroys 856 buildings, including St. Louis Cathedral and The Cabildo, leaving most of the town in ruins.
+ June 7, 1788 – France: Day of the Tiles, which some consider the beginning of the French Revolution.
+ Aug. 8, 1788 – King Louis XVI of France agrees to convene the Estates-General meeting in May 1789, the first time since 1614.
+ Oct. 1788 – King George III of the United Kingdom becomes deranged.
+ Nov. 25, 1788 – Fifty consecutive days of temperatures below freezing strike France, a record that would be unbroken more than 200 years later.
1800
+ Apr. 24, 1800 – The U.S. Library of Congress is founded in Washington, D.C.
+ June 2, 1800 – The first smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
+ Dec. 24, 1800 - On Christmas Eve, despite knowing they could face the guillotine for their actions, Father Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de Chevalerie officially established the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.
1808
+ Jan. 1, 1808 – The importation of slaves into the United States is banned.
+ Mar. 1, 1808 – The slave trade is abolished by the United Kingdom in all of its colonies.
1816
+ May 8, 1816 – Divorce is abolished in France, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.
+ June 16, 1816 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.
+ July 9, 1816 - The Congress of Tucumán, the representative assembly consisting of 33 deputies initially meeting in San Miguel de Tucumán, declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America (modern-day Argentina, Uruguay, part of Bolivia) from the Spanish Empire.
The Declaration Document claimed that Spanish America recovered its sovereignty from the Crown of Castile in 1808, when Ferdinand VII had been deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte, and therefore, any union between the overseas dominions of Spain and the Peninsula had been dissolved.
1818
+ Apr. 4, 1818 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States.
+ Oct. 20, 1818 - A treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel.
+ Dec. 3, 1818 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.
+ Dec. 24, 1818 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" (Stille Nacht) is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria.
1821
+ Mar. 25, 1821 - The beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.
+ Apr. 10, 1821 – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
+ May 5, 1821 - Emperor Napoleon dies in exile on Saint Helena island.
+ May 22, 1821 - Crimes and Punishment Act: Connecticut passed a law criminalizing abortion for the first time in American history.
+ June 24, 1821 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain.
+ July 28, 1821 - Argentine general José de San Martin declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire.
+ Sept. 15, 1821 - Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain.
+ Sept. 27, 1821 - The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence.
+ Dec. 15, 1821 – The world's first geographical society, the Société de géographie, is established in Paris.
1828
+ Jan. 8, 1828 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.
+ Apr. 14, 1828 - Noah Webster (Oct. 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) publishes his famous dictionary: An American Dictionary of the English Language. In 1964, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. acquired Merriam-Webster, Inc. as a subsidiary.
+ Dec. 3, 1828 – Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States.
+ Dec. 28, 1828 – The province of Echigo, Japan is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing roughly 30,000 people.
1833
+ Jan. 3, 1833 - The British take over a rocky archipelago known to them as the Falkland Islands and to Argentina as the Islas Malvinas. Located about 8,000 mi from Britain, it was first settled by the French in 1764.
+ Apr. 18, 1833 – Over 300 delegates from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland travel to the office of the Prime Minister, the Earl Grey, to call for the immediate abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire.
+ Aug. 1, 1833 - The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, ultimately giving slaves in much of the British Empire their freedom.
+ Nov. 25, 1833 – A major 8.7 earthquake strikes Sumatra.
1838
+ May 26, 1838 – Trail of Tears: The Cherokee Nation is forcibly relocated in the United States.
+ June 28, 1838 – The coronation of Queen Victoria takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.
+ Dec. 16, 1838 – The Boers win a decisive victory over the Zulus.
1848
+ Jan. 24, 1848 – California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold in Coloma, California.
+ Feb. 21, 1848 – Marx and Engels publish The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in London.
+ Sept. 12, 1848 – One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic, and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.
1858
+ Jan. 7, 1858 (Orthodox Christmas Day - 21st of the Hebrew month of Tevet) - Eliezer Yitzhak Pearlman (later Eliezer Ben-Yehuda) was born in Luzhki in the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Belarus). He was the main driving force behind the revival of the Hebrew language.
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda passed away (Dec. 16, 1922) at the age of 64 in the Land of Israel and his funeral was attended by 30,000 people in Jerusalem.
+ Feb. 11, 1858 – Our Lady of Lourdes: 14-year-old peasant girl Bernadette Soubirous (Jan. 7, 1844 – Apr. 16, 1879) has a vision at the grotto of Massabielle, the first in a series of eighteen events which will come to be regarded as Marian apparitions.
+ June 2, 1858 – Comet Donati, the first comet to be photographed, is discovered by Giovanni Battista Donati, and remains visible for several months afterwards.
+ June 16, 1858 – Abraham Lincoln accepts the Republican Party nomination for a seat in the United States Senate, delivering his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois.
+ Aug. 1858 – The first aerial photography is carried out by Nadar, from a moored balloon in France.
1864
+ Apr. 22, 1864 – The United States Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864, which mandates that the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.
+ Aug. 22, 1864 (በዓለ ፍልሰታ ለእግዝእትነ) – The First Geneva Convention, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, is signed in Geneva by 12 European states, under the auspices of the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded (predecessor of the International Red Cross Movement).
+ Sept. 1, 1864 - Charlottetown Conference: Delegates from the Canadian colonies meet, to discuss Canadian Confederation.
+ Sept. 2, 1864 – American Civil War: Union forces under General William Tecumseh Sherman (Feb. 8, 1820 – Feb. 14, 1891) enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders fled the city.
+ Sept. 28, 1864 - The First International: International Working Men's Association was founded in London. It was to be directed by a committee of 21 and, at its peak, reported having 8 million members. 46-year-old Karl Marx (May 5, 1818 – Mar. 14, 1883) at once assumed its leadership.
+ Nov. 8, 1864 – The 16th U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is re-elected in a landslide victory.
1868
+ Jan. 3, 1868 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration, his own restoration to full power.
+ Apr. 13, 1868 - Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia commits suicide, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia.
+ May 29, 1868 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging.
+ July 28, 1868 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States due process of law.
+ Sept. 3, 1868 – Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to Tokyo.
+ Dec. 9, 1868 – The world's first traffic signal lights are installed at the junction of Great George Street and Bridge Street in Westminster, London.
+ Dec. 25, 1868 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.
(Meskerem 26-28, 1864 Ethiopian cal.)
+ The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned in the American city of Chicago during Oct. 8–10, 1871. The fire killed approximately 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles (9 sq. km) of the city including over 17,000 structures, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless.
1878
+ Jan. 5, 1878 – Battle of Shipka Pass IV: Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire.
+ Feb. 19, 1878 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison.
+ Feb. 21, 1878 - The first ever telephone directory was published by the New Haven District Telephone Company, the first public telephone company in the world.
The company opened for business at the corner of Chapel and State Streets on Jan. 28, 1878 with 21 subscribers and provided telephone service to the state of Connecticut until 1998.
In 2008, one of the only known surviving copies of the world’s first telephone book sold at auction for over $170,000.
+ Mar. 3, 1878 - Treaty of San Stefano was signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople.
+ May 15, 1878 – The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established.
+ July 13, 1878 - Treaty of Berlin was signed. It consisted of 64 articles and significantly changed the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano. The most notable result is the de jure recognition of de facto independent states of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
+ Oct. 1878 - Austro-Hungarian Empire occupies Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1880
+ Feb. 1880 – The journal Science is first published in the United States, with financial backing from Thomas Edison.
+ Mar. 31, 1880 – Wabash, Indiana becomes the first electrically lit city in the world.
+ Aug. 14, 1880 – Cologne Cathedral is completed, after construction began in 1248, 632 years earlier.
1888
+ Jan. 13, 1888 – The National Geographic Society is founded in Washington, D.C.
+ Apr. 9, 1888 - 15 years old St. Thérèse of Lisieux, born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin, entered the Carmelite Monastery of Lisieux, taking the name Sister Therese of the Child Jesus, becoming a nun and joining two of her older sisters.
Her memoir The Story of a Soul was first published in 1898, a year after her passing at the young age of 24.
The Roman Catholic Church celebrates the feast of St. Therese on October 1st; Meskerem 21 on the Ethiopian calendar, also known as the Feast of Gishen Mariam or Our Lady of Gishen.
+ May 1888 - Serbian-American inventor Nikola Tesla (b. 1856) patents and demonstrates his AC motor.
On Jan. 7, 1943 - Orthodox Christmas Day, Tesla passed away in Room #3327 of the Hotel New Yorker. (27 + 16 = 43)
+ May 13, 1888 - Imperial Law #3353 also called the Golden Law (containing just 18 words) abolished slavery in all its forms and Brazil became the last country in the Western world to abolish the enslavement of human beings.
+ Aug. 5, 1888 – Bertha Benz arrives in Pforzheim having driven 64 km (40 miles) from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz, thus completing the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile.
+ Aug. 10, 1888 – Dr Friedrich Hermann Wölfert’s motorised airship successfully completes the world’s first engine-driven flight, from Cannstatt to Kornwestheim in Germany.
+ Sept. 1888 - Anne Sullivan brings 8 years old Helen Keller to Perkins Institution (Watertown, Boston) to further her education and to meet other children who are blind and deafblind.
Anne Sullivan was 21 years old when she entered the Keller household as an instructor for young Helen.
+ Oct. 14, 1888 - Louis Le Prince films the first motion picture in Leeds, England, two seconds and 18 frames in length.
- Battle of Guté Dili: Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is now southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed by an alliance of Shewan forces, under Ras Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battlefield.
(Yekatit 6, 1888 Ethiopian cal.)
+ Feb. 14, 1896 - 8 years before he died, Theodor Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State). As expressed in this book, Herzl envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century as the best way to avoid antisemitism in Europe, and encouraged Jews to purchase land in the Holy Land.
(Yekatit 23, 1888 Ethiopian cal.)
+ Battle of Adwa: Emperor Menelik II fought to defend Ethiopia's independence against Italy on Mar. 1, 1896, led the Ethiopian Army to a decisive victory against the Italians, which ensured an independent Ethiopia.
1898
+ Feb. 12, 1898 – The automobile belonging to Henry Lindfield rolls out of control down a hill in London, England, and hits a tree; thus he becomes the world's first fatality from an automobile accident on a public highway.
+ Mar. 1, 1898 – Vladimir Lenin creates the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
+ Apr. 25, 1898 – The United States declares war on Spain; the U.S. Congress announces that a state of war has existed since Apr. 21.
+ June 12, 1898 – After more than 377 years of Spanish dominance, General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.
+ June 21, 1898 – Spanish–American War: The United States captures Guam, making it the first U.S. overseas territory.
1908
+ May 26, 1908 – At Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil discovery in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom.
+ July 3, 1908 – Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire begins.
+ Aug. 8, 1908 - Wilbur Wright flies in France for the first time, demonstrating true controlled powered flight in Europe.
+ Sept. 17, 1908 - The order to begin construction of the doomed luxury ship Titanic was given on this date. 8 workers were killed during the construction and it remains a gripping tragedy of Shakespearean proportions.
+ Sept. 27, 1908 – Henry Ford produces his first Model T automobile.
+ Oct. 5, 1908 - The independence of Bulgaria was formally proclaimed at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo. As part of the proclamation, Ferdinand raised Bulgaria from a principality to a kingdom and changed his title from prince to tsar (king), and the country would be ready to join the Balkan League and fight the Ottoman Empire in what would become the First Balkan War of 1912–1913.
+ Oct. 6, 1908 - The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary.
+ Dec. 28, 1908 – The 7.1 Mw Messina earthquake shakes Southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 75,000 and 200,000.
1916
+ 1916 - Our Lady of Fátima - In the spring and summer of 1916, an angel heralds the Blessed Virgin Mary’s coming to three shepherd children in a field in Fatima, Portugal. Our Lady appears to them the following year. The three children were Lúcia de Jesus dos Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta de Jesus Marto.
+ May 16, 1916 - Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI.
+ July 1 – Nov. 18, 1916 – WWI: Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die.
+ Aug. 25, 1916 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation, creating the National Park Service.
+ Sept. 27, 1916 – Iyasu V of Ethiopia is deposed in a palace coup, in favour of his aunt Zewditu.
+ Oct. 16, 1916 – Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, a forerunner of Planned Parenthood.
+ Oct. 27, 1916 – Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Lij Iyasu, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte-Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zewditu.
+ Nov. 1, 1916
- Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
- The first 40-hour work week officially begins, in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York.
+ Dec. 30, 1916 – The mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg.
1918
+ Jan. 8, 1918 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech.
+ June – Aug. 1918 – The "Spanish 'flu" becomes pandemic. Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months.
+ July 17, 1918 - Execution of the Romanov family: By order of the Bolshevik Party, and carried out by the Cheka.
+ Sept. 3, 1918 – The Bolshevik government of Russia publishes the first official announcement of the Red Terror as an "Appeal to the Working Class" in the newspaper Izvestia.
+ Sept. 25, 1918 – WWI: The Battle of Megiddo ends with the Battle of Haifa, Battle of Samakh, and Capture of Tiberias.
+ Oct. 13, 1918 - The genius mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 Dec. 1887 - 26 Apr. 1920) became the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
The Man Who Knew Infinity, a film about Ramanujan, was released in the United Kingdom on April 8, 2016 and 21 days later in the United States.
+ Nov. 11, 1918 - End of WWI: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies.
1921
+ Feb. 12, 1921 - The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by forces of Bolshevist Russia.
+ May 31, 2021 - Tulsa race riot of 1921 occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31 and lasting for two days. The massacre left somewhere between 30 and 300 people dead, mostly African Americans, and destroyed Tulsa’s prosperous Black neighbourhood of Greenwood.
+ July 1, 1921 - The Communist Party of China (CPC) is founded.
+ July 27, 1921– Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, announce the discovery of the hormone insulin.
+ July 29, 1921 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the Nazi Party.
+ Nov. 9, 1921
- The National Fascist Party is founded in Italy.
- Albert Einstein (Mar. 14, 1879 – Apr. 18, 1955) is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his work with the photoelectric effect.
+ Nov. 14, 1921 - The miraculous image of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City miraculously survived a bomb attack without the slightest damage.
https://youtu.be/KEhjwCsDDsc?si=s5tjNbik-a9UaA0n
+ Dec. 6, 1921 - The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.
1928
+ Feb. 8, 1928 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird broadcasts a transatlantic television signal from London to Hartsdale, New York.
+ Aug. 2, 1928 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty.
+ Aug. 27, 1928 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed in Paris, the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.
+ Sept. 28, 1928 - Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 Sept. 1928.
1933
+ Jan. 3, 1933 - Our Lady of Beauraing, the Virgin with the Golden Heart: 33 Marian apparitions reported in Beauraing, Belgium, between Nov. 29, 1932 and Jan. 3, 1933 by five children.
https://youtu.be/oBruEBGp8Kk
+ Jan. 15 – Mar. 2, 1933 – A teenage girl, Mariette Beco, in Banneux, Belgium, reports eight Marian apparitions, which become known as the Virgin of the Poor or Our Lady of Banneux.
+ Jan. 30, 1933 - Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany.
+ Sept. 12, 1933 - Tuesday - Probably the first scientist to think seriously of building real atomic bombs, Leo Szilard (Feb. 11, 1898 - May 30, 1964) was struck by the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction while he was crossing a street in London.
+ Oct. 17, 1933 – Scientist Albert Einstein arrives in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee.
+ Nov. 8, 1933 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.
+ Nov. 16, 1933 - The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.
+ Dec. 8, 1933 - The Feast of the Immaculate Conception - Saint Bernadette Soubirous of Lourdes, France is declared a saint by the Catholic Church.
https://youtu.be/NmFFWWpmcqA
+ Dec. 15, 1933 – The 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, making alcohol legal in the United States.
(Meskerem 22, 1928 Ethiopian cal.)
+ Fascist Italy invades Ethiopia on Oct. 3, 1935 without prior declaration of war.
1938
+ Apr. 16, 1938 – London and Rome sign an agreement that sees Britain recognize Italian control of Ethiopia (formally on November 16), in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its 10,000 troops from Spain, at the conclusion of the civil war there.
+ Apr. 21, 1938 - Jewish philosopher Dr. Edith Stein, who converted to Christianity, made her perpetual vows or eternal profession as a Carmelite nun.
In 1921, she picked up the autobiography of Saint Teresa of Avila in a friend’s library and read the book all night. "When I had finished the book, I said to myself: This is the truth." Later, looking back on her life, she wrote: "My longing for truth was a single prayer." She was martyred for her Christian faith and Jewish people 21 years later during the Holocaust.
Edith entered the Carmelite monastery St. Maria vom Frieden (Our Lady of Peace) of Cologne in Oct. 1933 and took the religious name Teresa Benedicta of the Cross.
Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross was canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church in 1998.
+ May 28, 1938 – In a conference at the Reich Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.
+ Sept. 21, 1938 - On this day, a hurricane of astonishing force ravaged New England. It leveled virtually everything in its path, took more than 600 lives and caused damage estimated between $6-12 billion in today's dollars.
+ Sept. 30, 1938 - "Peace in our time" - The Munich Agreement, signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy, permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there.
+ Oct. 1, 1938 – German troops march into the Sudetenland. The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum, the Czechs have little choice but to comply.
+ Oct. 21, 1938 – In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the "liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia."
+ Dec. 17, 1938 – Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear power, which marks the beginning of the Atomic Age.
(Miyazia 27, 1933 Ethiopian cal.)
+ On this day (May 5, 1941) Emperor Haile-Selassie re-enters Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian capital, exactly five years to the day of when it was occupied by Italy.
(Senne 15, 1933 Ethiopian cal.)
+ June 22, 1941 - WWII: Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union and declares war on it. Hitler and the heads of the German Army High Command were convinced that the Red Army could be defeated in two or three months by the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history.
(May 8, 1945)
+ May 8, 1945 - known as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day - celebrations erupted around the world to mark the end of World War II in Europe.
1948
+ Jan. 30, 1948 - Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated at age 78 in New Delhi by a Hindu fanatic.
+ Apr. 3, 1948 - United States President Harry S. Truman signs the Marshall Plan, which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.
+ May 14, 1948 – Israeli Declaration of Independence: Jewish Agency Chairman David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel, establishing the first Jewish state in 2,000 years. Ben-Gurion became Israel’s first premier. The previous year, 33 countries (72%) including the United States, Soviet Russia, France and Brazil had voted in favour of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 1
6 Therefore, when they had come together, they asked Him, saying, “Lord, will You at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?” 7 And He said to them, “It is not for you to know times or seasons which the Father has put in His own authority. 8 But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.”
+ July 13, 1948 – The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churches reach an agreement leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank of an autocephalous Patriarchate, empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church.
+ Aug. 23, 1948 – The World Council of Churches is established in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
+ Sept. 12, 1948 - Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces: 21-year-old Sister Teresita Lat Castillo (July 4, 1927 – Nov. 16, 2016) reported she began seeing Marian apparitions in Lipa, Philippines, located 48 mi south of Manila.
In 1921 Pope Benedict XV instituted Nov. 8 as the feast day of Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces.
+ Oct. 6, 1948 - A 7.3 Ms earthquake near Ashgabat, Soviet Turkmenistan kills 10,000–110,000.
+ Dec. 10, 1948 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1958
+ Jan. 8, 1958 – Bobby Fischer, 14, wins the United States Chess Championship.
+ Jan. 31, 1958 – The first successful American satellite, Explorer 1, is launched into orbit.
+ Apr. 3, 1958 – Castro's revolutionary army begins its attacks on Havana.
+ Apr. 4–7, 1958 – In the first protest march for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament from Hyde Park, London to Aldermaston, Berkshire, demonstrators demand the banning of nuclear weapons.
+ June 8-29, 1958 - The 6th FIFA World Cup, played in Sweden, marked the arrival of a then 17-year-old Pelé on the world stage. The tournament is depicted in the 2016 American film Pelé: Birth of a Legend which is centered around Pelé and the Brazilian team's journey to winning the 1958 FIFA World Cup, their first title.
Pelé began playing for the Brazil national team at 16. During his international career, he won three FIFA World Cups: 1958, 1962 and 1970, the only player to do so.
+ July 29, 1958 – The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
+ Sept. 12, 1958 – Jack Kilby (born Nov. 8) invents the first integrated circuit, while working at Texas Instruments.
+ Oct. 4, 1958
- The new Constitution of France is signed into law, establishing the French Fifth Republic.
- British Overseas Airways Corp becomes the first airline to fly jet passenger services across the Atlantic.
+ Dec. 18, 1958 - The United States launches SCORE, the world's first communications satellite.
1964
+ Jan. 8, 1964 – In his first State of the Union Address, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson declares a "War on Poverty."
+ Jan. 18, 1964 – Plans to build the New York City World Trade Center are announced.
+ Mar. 27, 1964 (Good Friday) – The Great Alaskan earthquake, the second-most powerful known (and the most powerful earthquake recorded in North American history) at a magnitude of 9.2.
+ Mar. 31, 1964 – The military overthrows Brazilian President João Goulart in a coup, starting 21 years of dictatorship in Brazil.
+ June 12, 1964 - (South African President) Nelson Mandela and seven other defendants are condemned to life imprisonment, narrowly escaping the death penalty.
+ July 2, 1964 – President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, officially abolishing racial segregation in the United States.
+ Aug. 4, 1964 - The Pentagon proclaimed that a “second attack” by North Vietnam against American destroyers had occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin.
By reporting government lies as absolute truths, American journalism opened the floodgates for the disastrous Vietnam War, leading to millions of Vietnamese and over 58,000 American casualties.
+ Sept. 14, 1964 - The world famous American author Helen Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest American honor, by Lyndon B. Johnson (b. Aug. 27, 1908) the 36th president of the United States.
"The living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, set it free!" ~ Helen Keller, about the miraculous breakthrough moment with her teacher Anne Sullivan (1866 - 1936).
+ Oct. 14, 1964 - Martin Luther King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance.
+ Oct. 16, 1964 - China exploded an atomic bomb thereby successfully carrying out its first nuclear test. With the test, China became the fifth nuclear power in the world.
China also became the first country to declare a “no first use” policy: “The Chinese Government hereby solemnly declares that China will never at any time and under any circumstances be the first to use nuclear weapons. We are convinced that man, who creates nuclear weapons, will certainly be able to eliminate them."
+ Oct. 21, 1964 - Abebe Bikila (Ethiopia) became the first person to win the Olympic marathon twice. He finished with a time of four minutes and eight seconds ahead of silver medalist Basil Heatley of Great Britain. Heatley, wearing #8, managed to stay close to Japan's Kokichi Tsuburaya and passed Tsuburaya shortly before the finish line to win the silver medal.
+ Nov. 1964 - 26 half-hour television documentary films about the 33rd president of the United States, called Decision: The Conflicts of Harry S. Truman, were broadcast beginning in Nov. 1964. Truman was named the outstanding television personality of 1964 by American Cinema Editors.
(8-18-1958 Ethiopian cal.)
+ The 1966 Tashkent earthquake occurred on Apr. 26 at 05:23 in the Uzbek SSR, at the very shallow (and more destructive) depth of 3–8 kilometers with its epicentre in the centre of the city. With a moment magnitude of 5.2, the earthquake caused massive destruction to property. Over 80% of the city was destroyed, including over half of the old city.
Soviet authorities created an institute of seismology in order to forecast future earthquakes.
1968
+ Jan. 30, 1968 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive begins, as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.
+ Mar. 18, 1968 – Gold standard: The United States Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back U.S. currency.
+ Mar. 30, 1968 – Paradiso in Amsterdam opened its doors under the name 'Cosmic Relaxation Centre Paradiso.' It is housed in a converted former church building that was used until 1965 as the meeting hall for a liberal Dutch religious group known as the Free Congregation.
+ Apr. 2, 1968 - Our Lady of Zeitoun, also known as Our Lady of Light, a mass Marian apparition that occurred in the Zeitoun district of Cairo, Egypt, over a period of 2–3 years beginning on Apr. 2, 1968.
https://youtu.be/tVU8bhbQInw
+ Apr. 4, 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr. is shot dead in Memphis, Tenn.
+ Apr. 11, 1968 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
+ June 5, 1968 – U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, dies the next day.
+ Aug. 20–21, 1968 – Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia: The 'Prague Spring' of political liberalization ends.
+ Aug. 24, 1968 – France explodes its first hydrogen bomb in a test in French Polynesia.
+ Dec. 24, 1968 – Apollo program: The manned U.S. spacecraft Apollo 8 enters orbit around the Moon. Astronauts become the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole, as well as having traveled further away from Earth than any people in history. Anders photographs Earthrise. The crew also reads from Genesis.
+ 1968 - Ethiopian Symphony in Hungary: Ethiopian composer and conductor Professor Ashenafi Kebede's (1938 – May 8, 1998) classical music composition "The Shepherd Flutist" was first performed with the Hungarian State String Orchestra.
(Senne 27, 1968 Ethiopian cal.)
+ Operation Thunderbolt also known as the Entebbe Raid was a counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by commandos of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) at Entebbe Airport in Uganda on 4 July 1976. The commandos flew for 8 hours to Uganda and miraculously succeeded in rescuing most of the hostages, 8 days after their airplane had been hijacked by terrorists in Athens.
The French flight crew of 12 had chosen to remain with the hostages. The release of 53 political prisoners and $5 million ransom had been demanded by the hijackers.
1978
+ Feb. 27, 1978 – The first global positioning satellite, the Rockwell International-built Navstar 1, is launched by the United States.
+ Mar. 3, 1978 - Ethiopia admits that its troops are fighting with the aid of Cuban soldiers against Somalian troops in the Ogaden.
+ Mar. 15, 1978 - Somalia and Ethiopia sign a truce to end the Ethio-Somali War.
+ Apr. 27–28, 1978 - the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan staged a coup d'état and the successful uprising resulted in the creation of a socialist Afghan government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union. It remains a significant event in Afghanistan's history as it marked the beginning of decades of continuous conflict in the country.
+ June 1-25, 1978 - the 11th edition of the FIFA World Cup was held in Argentina who won 3–1 in the final, after extra time. This win was the first World Cup title for Argentina, who became the third South American team to win a World Cup.
+ June 8, 1978 - Russian philosopher Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (Dec. 11, 1918 – Aug. 3, 2008) delivers "A World Split Apart" - speech at Harvard University.
https://www.solzhenitsyncenter.org/a-world-split-apart
+ June 30, 1978 – Ethiopia begins a massive offensive in Eritrea.
+ Aug. 19, 1978 - Cinema Rex in the city of Abadan, in south west Iran, was set on fire by Islamist terrorists in order to fan the flames of the Islamic revolution, killing between 377 and 470 people. Witnesses reported that many of the victims of the fire were women and children.
+ Sept. 16, 1978 - The 7.4 Mw Tabas earthquake affects the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people were killed.
+ Sept. 17, 1978 – The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.
+ Sept. 28, 1978 – Pope John Paul I dies after only 33 days of papacy.
+ Oct. 8, 1978 – Australia's Ken Warby sets the current world water speed record of 318 mph.
+ Oct. 16, 1978 – Pope John Paul II succeeds Pope John Paul I as the 264th pope, resulting in the first Year of Three Popes since 1605. He is the first Polish pope in history, and the first non-Italian pope since the 16th century.
+ Nov. 18, 1978 - 'Pentecostal' cult leader Jim Jones causes the massacre of 918 people in Guyana.
+ Dec. 8, 1978 - Golda Meir the 4th prime minister of Israel (the first and only lady) died in Jerusalem at the age of 80.
Born in 1898 in Kiev in the Russian Empire, she immigrated at the age of 8 with her family to the United States. In 1921, she emigrated to the Holy Land of Israel, then British Mandatory Palestine, and became a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. Responding to Jordanian king's suggestion that there is no hurry to proclaim the State of Israel, she answers, “We have been waiting for 2,000 years. Is that hurrying?”
+ Dec. 22, 1978 - The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.
+ Dec. 25, 1978 – Vietnam launches a major offensive against the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia.
1980
+ Jan. 21, 1980 - The London Gold Fixing hits its highest price ever (adjusted for inflation), at US$850 a troy ounce.
+ Feb. 2–3, 1980 – The New Mexico State Penitentiary riot takes place; at least 33 inmates most brutally tortured and killed and more than 100 inmates injured by fellow prisoners.
+ Mar. 24, 1980 - Archbishop Óscar Romero, an outspoken champion for the people who were suffering during El Salvador's brutal civil war, was shot by an assassin while celebrating Mass in San Salvador. Famed linguist Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) speaks highly of Romero's social work, and refers often to his murder.
+ Apr. 12, 1980 - Terry Fox begins his Marathon of Hope from St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada.
+ Apr. 24–25, 1980 – A commando mission in Iran to rescue American embassy hostages is aborted, eight United States troops are killed in a mid-air helicopter collision during the failed operation.
+ Apr. 25, 1980 – Dan-Air Flight 1008 crashes in Tenerife, killing all 146 occupants.
+ May 8, 1980 - Our Lady of Cuapa, Nicaragua - Bernardo Martínez, 48, begins to have a series of visions of Our Lady the Holy Virgin Mary.
+ May 18, 1980 - The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington (state) kills 57 and causes US$3 billion in damage.
+ June 27, 1980 - Known in Italy as the Ustica massacre, the passenger jet Itavia Flight 870 (IH 870, AJ 421) crashed into the Tyrrhenian Sea between the islands of Ponza and Ustica, killing all 81 people on board.
+ July 30, 1980 - The Jerusalem Law is passed by the Knesset declaring Jerusalem to be the eternal Capital of Israel.
+ Aug. 7–31, 1980 – Lech Wałęsa leads the first of many strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard in the Polish People's Republic.
+ Sept. 5, 1980 – The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 16.3 kilometres.
+ Sept. 22, 1980 - The command council of Iraq orders its army to "deliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets," initiating the Iran–Iraq War.
+ Dec. 8, 1980 – English musician John Lennon is assassinated by Mark David Chapman "because of the singer's blasphemy."
+ 1980 - Tim Berners-Lee (b. June 8) wrote a software project named ENQUIRE in 1980 at CERN, which was the predecessor to the World Wide Web.
(8-18-1978 Ethiopian cal.)
+ The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986 at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union.
Writing on Chernobyl’s 20th anniversary in 2006, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev suggested that the disaster “was perhaps the real cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union.”
1988
+ Feb. 6, 1988 - "Man in the Mirror" song recorded by Michael Jackson (b. 1958) was released. It peaked at number 21 in the UK.
+ Feb. 15, 1988 - General Tariku Ayne, who had been absent from Afabet for medical treatment, was executed outside of Asmara. The death of one of Ethiopia's most prominent generals surprised even the EPLF. ('Tariku'='The History', 'Ayne'='My Eye')
+ Feb. 20, 1988 – The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast votes to secede from the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and join the Armenian SSR, triggering the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
+ Feb. 28, 1988 - The great story of Sir Nicholas Winton's rescue of refugee children received publicity after his wife discovered in their attic a scrapbook containing the names and photos of 664 children. He helped save 8 trainloads of children by bringing them from Czechoslovakia to the UK in 1938-1939.
+ Mar. 17-20, 1988 - The Battle of Afabet was fought in and around the town of Afabet, a major turning point in the Eritrean War of Independence.
+ May 15, 1988 – Soviet–Afghan War: After more than 8 years of fighting, the Soviet Army begins its withdrawal from Afghanistan.
+ Spring 1988 - "It was late May or maybe very early June," Jewish Harvard professor Roy H. Schoeman is visited by Our Lady the Holy Virgin in a dream.
"A year to the day after the initial experience, I went to sleep after saying that prayer, and felt as though I was woken by a gentle hand on my shoulder, and escorted to a room where I was left alone with the most beautiful young woman I could imagine. I knew without being told that she was the Blessed Virgin Mary."
+ June 24, 1988 - 7th anniversary of Our Lady the Queen of Peace first apparition (1981) in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, which took place 64 years after the Fatima, Portugal apparitions (1917).
https://youtu.be/P8ky82HE_G0?si=JMiNIdkTJE68X_d9
+ June 28, 1988 - (The millennium of Christianity in Russia) - The 19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: an event of historic significance took place in Moscow as Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev launched radical reforms.
+ June 29, 1988 - The film Coming to America is released in the United States. It is the story of a fictional, 21 years old African crown prince who travels to the New York City borough of Queens in search of his bride and queen. For his work in the film, actor Eddie Murphy reportedly earned $8 million plus royalties.
+ July 3, 1988 - All 290 passengers including 66 children were killed when Iran Air Flight 655 was mistakenly shot down by the U.S. Navy over the Persian Gulf.
+ July 21, 1988 - The Parliament of Canada passes The Emergencies Act, a law which authorizes the federal government to take extraordinary temporary measures to respond to domestic and international emergencies.
+ Aug. 11, 1988 – Al-Qaeda is formed by Osama bin Laden.
+ Aug. 18, 1988 - Hamas Covenant or Hamas Charter was issued, declaring jihad in the Holy Land.
+ Aug. 20, 1988 – The Iran–Iraq War ends, with an estimated one million lives lost.
+ Dec. 7, 1988
- In Soviet Armenia, the Ms 6.8 Spitak earthquake kills nearly 25,000, injures 31,000 and leaves 400,000 homeless.
- New York - Mikhail Gorbachev’s UN Speech, the first by a Soviet leader to the United Nations in 28 years, was heralded as one of the greatest diplomatic announcements of its time, as a message of friendship and cooperation among the nations. According to some historians, this marked the end of the Cold War.
+ Dec. 21, 1988 - Pan Am Flight 103, a Boeing 747–121, was destroyed by a terrorist bomb over the town of Lockerbie, Scotland.
+ The Soviet Union began its major restructuring towards a mixed economy at the beginning of 1988.
+ The Iron Curtain began to disintegrate in 1988 as Hungary began allowing freer travel to the West.
+ The concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988.
+ In 1988 American physicist Larry N. Shaw (Aug. 12, 1939 – Aug. 19, 2017) organized the first “Pi Day” celebration at the San Francisco Exploratorium science museum. Shaw chose March 14, or 3.14 — the first three digits of π — as Pi Day. 21 years later, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution proclaiming March 14 to be National Pi Day.
Shaw worked at the Exploratorium for 33 years and he passed away 8 years after the National π Day proclamation.
8.888 ÷ √8 ≈ π
(Ginbot 8, 1981 Ethiopian cal.)
+ The 1989 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt took place on May 16, 1989. The Minister of Defense, Haile-Giyorgis Habte-Mariam, was killed after refusing to join the revolt. 21 generals were killed or executed as a result of this failed coup.
(Dec. 8, 1991)
+ The Belovezha Accords forming the agreement that declared the USSR as effectively ceasing to exist signed on December 8, 1991.
1998
+ Jan. 8, 1998 – Ramzi Yousef is sentenced to life in prison for planning the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993.
+ Apr. 10, 1998 - Good Friday Agreement, a political deal designed to bring an end to 30 years of violent conflict in Northern Ireland, was signed in Belfast on Good Friday. The agreement was approved by a referendum in both Ireland and Northern Ireland on May 22, 1998 — the first all-Ireland vote since 1918.
+ May 28, 1998 – In response to a series of Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan explodes five nuclear devices of its own.
+ June 2, 1998 - American entrepreneur and publisher Ron Unz's (b. 1961) Proposition 227, a mandate for English-only instruction in the public schools, is approved by 61 percent of California voters. (Repealed by Proposition 58 on Nov. 8, 2016.)
+ June 10 - July 12, 1998 - The 16th FIFA World Cup was won by host country France, their first title. It was the second time that France staged the competition, the first was in 1938 for the third edition.
+ July 17, 1998
- At a conference in Rome, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
- In Saint Petersburg, Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after he and his family were killed by the Lenin-led Bolsheviks in 1918.
+ Aug. 4, 1998 – The Second Congo War begins; 5.4 million people die before it ends in 2003, making it the bloodiest war, to date, since World War II.
+ Aug. 7, 1998 - Three years before the 9/11 terrorist attacks and 43rd President George Bush's declaration of War on Terror, truck bombs simultaneously exploded at U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people and injuring more than 4,000.
+ Sept. 2, 1998 - Swissair Flight 111 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean at the entrance to St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia, 8 kilometers from shore. All 229 passengers and crew on board were killed.
2008
+ Jan. 21, 2008 - Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.
+ Feb. 4, 2008 – Iran opens its first space center and launches a rocket into space.
+ Feb. 11, 2008 - The Fall of an Empire - The Lesson of Byzantium was a historical documentary film by Russian Orthodox Bishop Tikhon (b. 1958) who studied film production before entering the clergy. The film deals with the Eastern Roman Empire’s eventual demise and how it lost its “ability to respond to the calls of history.”
+ Feb. 17, 2008 - Republic of Kosovo is proclaimed to be a state independent from Serbia. However, the declaration violates the 8th article of the Constitution of Serbia.
+ Feb. 19, 2008 - 81-year-old leader Fidel Castro announced his retirement as the Cuban head of state, 49 years after seizing power in an armed revolution.
Castro began organizing armed rebellion in 1953, and he died in 2016.
+ Apr. 3, 2008 - NATO Bucharest Summit Declaration #23: NATO welcomes Ukraine’s and Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic aspirations... We agreed today that these countries will become members of NATO.
+ May 12, 2008 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.
+ Aug. 8-12, 2008 - The Russo-Georgian War took place after Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili sent troops into the province of South Ossetia. The five-day-long conflict is regarded as the first European war of the 21st century.
August 2008 was a turning point for Russia and its relations with the West. Many Russians saw the war with Georgia as a proxy war with NATO and their worst fears, of the alliance and its encroaching on Russian borders, were reinforced.
+ Aug. 8, 2008
– The opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics in Beijing started at 8 seconds and 8 minutes past 8 pm (local time) on 8 August 2008.
– EuroCity express train EC 108 en route from Kraków to Prague strikes fallen debris from an overhead motorway bridge and derails, killing eight people and injuring 64 others.
+ Aug. 16, 2008 - 21-year-old Usain Bolt of Jamaica wins the men's 100 metres sprint gold in the Beijing Olympics, setting a world record. 80 athletes from 64 countries competed for the title. Bolt eventually becomes 8 times Olympic champion.
+ Aug. 23, 2008 - In a game played under extreme conditions of 42°C (108°F) heat, Angel di Maria (b. 1988) collected Lionel Messi's expertly timed through ball in the 58th minute, raced forward and scored to win football Gold for Argentina at the 2008 Olympics. The delighted Diego Maradona, World Cup winner in 1986 (1978 Eth. cal.), was attending as a fan.
Di Maria also scored the decisive winning goal in the 2021 Copa America final.
+ Oct. 31, 2008 - A person or a group of people that called themselves Satoshi Nakamoto introduce to the world a digital currency by publishing a paper (8 pages) called Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. The total Bitcoin supply is limited to 21 million coins.
+ Nov. 4, 2008
- Senator Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States, becoming the first black president.
- Proposition 8 passes 52% to 48%, adding a new provision that "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California." Proposition 8 proponents emerged victorious despite a difficult uphill battle that pitted grassroots Californians against a hostile political establishment, judiciary, and Hollywood elite that pulled out all the stops in the fight to defeat the initiative.
+ Nov. 20, 2008 - President Shimon Peres (8th Prime Minister as head of the 21st government of Israel, d. 2016) was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG) by Queen Elizabeth II (b. Apr. 21, d. Sept. 8).
+ Nov. 26–29, 2008 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people.
+ Dec. 11, 2008 - American financier Bernie Madoff (1938–2021) who ran the largest Ponzi scheme in history, worth about $64.8 billion, is arrested by F.B.I. agents and charged with securities fraud.
2016
+ Jan. 8, 2016 – Joaquín Guzmán, widely regarded as the world's most powerful drug trafficker, is recaptured following his escape from a maximum security prison in Mexico.
+ Feb. 12, 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their schism in 1054.
+ Mar. 21, 2016 - Barack Obama visits Cuba, marking the first time a sitting US president has visited the island nation since 1928, 88 years earlier.
+ Apr. 1–5, 2016 - Clashes occur along the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact between Artsakh Defense Army, backed by the Armenian Armed Forces, and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.
+ June 1, 2016 – The Gotthard Base Tunnel, the world's longest and deepest railway tunnel, is opened following two decades of construction work.
+ June 23, 2016 – The United Kingdom votes in a referendum to leave the European Union.
+ July 14, 2016 - 86 people are killed and more than 400 others injured in a truck attack in Nice, France during Bastille Day celebrations.
+ Dec. 25, 2016 - Jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashes into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi while en route to Syria. All 92 people on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, are killed.
2018
+ Jan. 7, 2018 — It took just 12 minutes of play for Argentinian football legend Lionel Messi to score his first goal of 2018. It was Messi's 365th league goal for Barcelona and marked his 400th appearance in La Liga, the Spanish premier league.
Messi won the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics and the 2021 Copa América for his nation. He left Barcelona in 2021 after spending his entire professional career with the club.
+ Mar. 18, 2018 – In the Russian presidential election, Vladimir Putin is elected for a fourth term.
+ Apr. 27, 2018 – Kim Jong-un crosses into South Korea to meet with President Moon Jae-in, becoming the first North Korean leader to cross the Demilitarized Zone since its creation in 1953.
+ May 25, 2018 - A majority of 66.4% of the electorate in Ireland voted in a referendum to repeal the 8th Amendment, thereby depriving unborn children of all meaningful protections.
+ June 12, 2018 - The first summit between a United States President and the North Korean leader is held in Singapore.
+ June 14 - July 15, 2018 - Russia hosts the 21st FIFA World Cup, the first time they were held in Eastern Europe. France won her second World Cup. (Hamle 2-21, 1958 Ethiopian calendar - the 8th FIFA World Cup was played in England from July 11-30, 1966. England won their first and so far only ever title, the 5th nation and the 3rd host nation to win the event.)
+ July 9, 2018 - Eritrea and Ethiopia officially declare an end to their twenty-year conflict.
+ Aug. 1, 2018 - Abune Merkorios (b. 1938) the fourth Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, elected after the passing of Abuna Takla-Haymanot in May 1988, returned to Addis Ababa after spending almost three decades living in exile, and became recognized as Patriarch alongside Abune Mathias.
+ Oct. 20, 2018 - President Trump announces that the US will "terminate" the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty over alleged Russian violations.
+ Nov. 8, 2018 – The Camp Fire ignites, becomes California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire, with 88 deaths and 18,804 buildings destroyed.
(Jan. 8, 2020)
+ Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 is shot down by Iran's armed forces shortly after takeoff from Tehran Imam Khomeini Airport, killing all 176 people on board.
+ The world's first driverless bullet-train, a Chinese Fuxing, goes into operation.
+ ወስብሐት ለእግዚአብሔር ወለወላዲቱ ድንግል ወለመስቀሉ ክቡር ለዓለመ ዓለም።
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