+++ በስመ ሥላሴ ዋሕድ።
Genesis 8:8
He also sent out from himself a dove, to see if the waters had receded from the face of the ground.
Genesis 8:21
And the Lord smelled a sweet savour; and the Lord said in His heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done.
Exodus 8:1
And the Lord spoke to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ‘Thus says the Lord: “Let My people go, that they may serve Me."
Psalm 8
3 When I consider Your heavens, the work of Your fingers,
The moon and the stars, which You have ordained,
4 What is man that You are mindful of him,
And the son of man that You visit him?
Isaiah 53:8
He was taken from prison and from judgment,
And who will declare His generation?
For He was cut off from the land of the living;
For the transgressions of My people He was stricken.
Isaiah 64
1 Oh, that You would rend the heavens!
That You would come down!
That the mountains might shake at Your presence,
8 But now, O Lord,
You are our Father;
We are the clay, and You our potter;
And all we are the work of Your hand.
9 Do not be furious, O Lord,
Nor remember iniquity forever;
Indeed, please look — we all are Your people!
Jeremiah 33
2 “Thus says the Lord who made it, the Lord who formed it to establish it (the Lord is His name):
3 ‘Call to Me, and I will answer you, and show you great and mighty things, which you do not know.’
8 I will cleanse them from all their iniquity by which they have sinned against Me, and I will pardon all their iniquities by which they have sinned and by which they have transgressed against Me.
Matthew 16:16
Simon Peter answered and said, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.”
John 8
31 Then Jesus said to those Jews who believed Him, “If you abide in My word, you are My disciples indeed.
32 And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.”
Revelation 21
1 Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away. Also there was no more sea.
5 Then He who sat on the throne said, “Behold, I make all things new.” And He said to me, “Write, for these words are true and faithful.”
6 And He said to me, “It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. I will give of the fountain of the water of life freely to him who thirsts.
33 = the number of years Our Savior and God lived on earth in the flesh
27 = the day of the crucifixion of Our Lord, መድኃኔ ዓለም the Savior of the world (Good Friday)
21 = monthly day of Our Lady's holiday
16 = monthly day of Our Lady's Covenant of Mercy (ኪዳነ ምሕረት) holiday
64 = the number of years Our Lord's mother lived on earth in the flesh
8 = √64
12 = Archangel Saint Michael's holiday
19 = Archangel Saint Gabriel's holiday
+ The Divine Name אֱלֹהִים Elohim appears 33 times in the story of creation in the opening chapters of Genesis. There are 8 books* of Orit (፰ቱ ብሔረ ኦሪት Octateuch). The main authors** of the New Testament are 8, writing 27 books.
+ There are 33 holidays of Our Lady the Holy Virgin in a year.
+ 64 and 33 come after the 21st decimal point of the number π, and 27 comes after the 27th decimal point of the number π:
3.1415926535897932384626433
3.14159265358979323846264338327
+ The Lord's Day is also known as the "8th day," i.e. the day which will have "no need of sun or moon to shine upon it, for the glory of God is its light and its lamp is the Lamb" (Rev. 21:23). The "8th day" is a term which indicates the final age, when the new creation, already begun by the resurrection of Christ, will be fulfilled and completed; when the new world will be ushered in by the general resurrection.
+ Oxygen is the chemical element with atomic number 8. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% (almost 21!) of the Earth's atmosphere.
+ There are 8 known planets in the Solar System under the current definition of planet.
+ There were 8 people on Noah's Ark.
+ The Old Testament religious rite of circumcision is held on a baby boy's 8th day of life.
+ The number of Beatitudes (አንቀጸ ብፁዓን) is 8.
+ There are 8 people, including Our Lady the Mother of God, known as ማርያም Mariam in the Holy Bible.
+ International Women's Day is celebrated on March 8 every year.
+ In music, an octave (Latin: octavus - eighth) or perfect octave is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been referred to as the "basic miracle of music", the use of which is "common in most musical systems". The interval between the first and second harmonics of the harmonic series is an octave.
+ In the late 1880s, piano manufacturer Steinway created the 88-key piano. Other manufacturers followed suit, and Steinway’s model has been the standard ever since.
+ The number 8 is considered to be a lucky number in Chinese, Japanese and other Asian cultures. Property with the number 8 may be valued greatly by Chinese. For example, a Hong Kong number plate with the number 8 was sold for $640,000.
+ 8-ball pocket billiards is played with a cue ball and 15 numbered balls, the black ball numbered 8 being the middle and most important one, as the winner is the player or side that legally pockets it after first pocketing its numerical group of 7 object balls.
+ In chess, each side has 8 pawns and the board is made of 64 squares arranged in an 8 by 8 lattice. The 8 queens puzzle is a challenge to arrange 8 queens on the board so that none can capture any of the others.
+ 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics opening ceremony began at 8 p.m. on 8-8-2008. This was the first time China had hosted the Summer Olympic Games, and the third time the Games had been held in Asia, following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, and the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.
+ The shape of a sideways figure eight ∞ is a mathematical symbol representing the concept of infinity.
+ There are 33 vertebrae (bones) in the human spine (backbone).
+ 1776 (1+7+7+6=21, 888+888=1776) is the year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
+ A 21-gun salute is the most commonly recognized of the customary gun salutes that are performed by the firing of cannons or artillery as a military honor.
* The books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, the Book of Joshua, the Book of Judges and the Book of Ruth.
** St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John, St. Paul, St. Peter, St. James and St. Jude.
https://cormacjones.substack.com/p/welcome-to-the-octateuch
A.D. 64
+ The Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul were martyred in Rome when Emperor Nero began persecuting Christians.
II Peter 3:8
"But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day."
I Timothy 3:16
"And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory."
A.D. 330
+ Constantinople became the site of Roman Emperor Constantine’s “New Rome,” a Christian city of immense wealth and magnificent architecture. It stood as the seat of the Byzantine Empire for the next 1,100 years.
The city fell to 21 years old Sultan Mehmed II on Tuesday, May 29, 1453 after a 53-day siege.
A.D. 640
+ July 6, 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: the Muslim Arab army (15,000 men) defeats the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).
+ Dec. 22, 640 – On orders of the Saracen leader, Amar, the Serapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the destruction of the Library of Alexandria, is burned down, along with its collection of 500,000 manuscripts.
708
+ In the 8th year of the 8th century, the Archangel Saint Michael appeared to Bishop Aubert of Avranches 3 times in dream, and instructed him to build a church in his honour on the rocky islet of Mont Tombe in Normandy, France. The island was dedicated to Saint Michael and renamed Mont Saint-Michel (Saint Michael's Mount).
To create a sanctuary on this granite rock – to build it stone after stone, to make it bigger, more beautiful, and higher – is to offer a meeting place between God and man. The splendour of the place, the glory of the Archangel and the beauty of the buildings quickly set many pilgrims on their way to Mont Saint-Michel and it became an essential place of pilgrimage in the entire Christian West. They came to ask Saint Michael for protection and salvation of their souls.
In 966, a community of Benedictine monks were established on the mountain. The island remained unconquered during the Hundred Years' War. A small garrison fended off a full attack by the English in 1433. Mont Saint-Michel and its bay were added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979. (33 = 21+12, 21+79 = 12+88 = 100, √79 = 8.88819...)
https://youtu.be/xvnZKdmmnGw?si=UZsI4omUa39jVFek
800
+ Dec. 25, 800 – Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor as Charles I, with the title "Emperor of the Franks and the Lombards". The coronation takes place during Mass at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, on Christmas Day. The Frankish Empire is formed in Western Europe.
833
+ Byzantine-Arab War: Emperor Theophilos signs an armistice for peace with the Abbasid Caliphate. He offers the caliph 100,000 gold dinars, in return for 7,000 Byzantine prisoners.
864
+ The Christianization of Bulgaria begins: Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, is converted to Orthodox Christianity. His family and high-ranking dignitaries accept the Orthodox faith at the capital, Pliska.
+ King Alfonso III conquers Porto from the Emirate of Cordoba. This is the end of the direct Muslim domination of the Douro region.
888
+ Oct. 888 – Battle of Milazzo: the Aghlabids score a crushing victory over a Byzantine fleet off Sicily.
988
+ The Baptism of Russia: this event has defined the development path for many nations. The turning point occurred in 988 in Kiev, when Prince Vladimir accepted Orthodox Christianity, and then ordered all the inhabitants of Kiev to appear at the Dnieper River for baptism.
1016
+ The Pisan and the Genoese republics launch a naval offensive against the Muslim strongholds of Sardinia, in particular Porto Torres, and defeat the fleet of the taifa king.
1064
+ European warriors go to Spain, to participate in the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is sanctioned by Pope Alexander II, and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.
+ The Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan invade Anatolia, and capture Ani after a siege of 25-days. He sacks the city and slaughters its citizens.
1221
+ May 13, 1221 – Prince Alexander Nevsky was born in the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Voted the “greatest Russian” in 2008, Nevsky is a household name and a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.
The 1938 historical drama film "Alexander Nevsky" was directed by Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948). In 2008, seventy years later, the prince and saint made a comeback in a prequel, "Alexander: The Battle of the Neva."
In a ceremony also attended by Patriarch Kirill, in 2021 Russian President Vladimir Putin unveiled a majestic memorial complex in northwestern Russia’s Pskov Region to mark the 800th anniversary of Alexander Nevsky’s birth.
1416
+ Jan. 27, 1416 – The Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik, in today's Croatia) banned the slave trade, becoming among the first countries in the world to ban the buying and selling of human beings.
(1431, 27×53 = 1431, 12+19 = 31)
+ May 30, 1431 – 19 years old Saint Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orléans (Sainte Jeanne d'Arc, born 1412), was martyred by burning at the stake.
St. Joan of Arc was formally canonized as a saint on Ginbot 8, 1912 (Ethiopian cal.) or May 16, 1920, 508 years after she was born.
http://www.maidofheaven.com/joanofarc_chesterton_quote.asp
1464
+ June 18, 1464 – 33 years after the martyrdom of St. Joan of Arc, Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusades, and departs for Ancona to participate in person.
+ June 23, 1464 – Christian I of Denmark and Norway, who is also serving as King of Sweden, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne on Aug. 9.
+ Aug. 21, 1464 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.
1488
+ Jan. 8, 1488 – The Royal Netherlands Navy is formed, by the decree of Maximillian of Austria.
+ July 28, 1488 – Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier: troops loyal to King Charles VIII of France defeat rebel forces, led by the Dukes of Orleans and Brittany, in the main engagement of the Mad War.
1508
+ May 8, 1508 – Italian renaissance artist Michelangelo of Florence signs a contract with the Vatican to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, in return for a promised fee of 3,000 gold ducats.
1521
+ Jan. 3, 1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther.
+ Apr. 27, 1521 – Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan, b. 1480) was killed by a poison arrow during a skirmish on the island of Mactan in what is now the Philippines.
It took three months for his fleet to make its way slowly across the vast Mar Pacifico. By the time Magellan and his crew reached the Philippines, they had been at sea for more than a year.
+ May 20, 1521 – Cannonball moment: Basque soldier Saint Ignatius of Loyola was struck by a cannonball while defending the city of Pamplona (Spain) against the French army. This event changed the course of his life and ultimately led to the foundation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
+ Aug. 8, 1521 – Fall of Tenochtitlan: Hernán Cortés and allied local indigenous peoples of the Americas defeat the Aztec forces of Cuauhtémoc, the last Aztec Emperor.
+ Aug. 29, 1521 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman Turks.
+ Dec. 21, 1521 – The ship Victoria left Tidore Island bound for Seville. Of the five ships that set sail on the historic voyage to find the Spice Islands (now the Moluccas), she was the only one to return to Spain, making her the first ship known to successfully circumnavigate the globe. Victoria was named after the church of Santa María de la Victoria de Triana (Seville, Spain) where Ferdinand Magellan had taken an oath of allegiance to the Spanish king.
(12-12-1531, 1+2+1+2+1+5+3+1 = 16)
+ 57 years old St. Juan Diego received the holy icon of Guadalupe on his tilma from Our Lady the Holy Virgin Mother of God on Dec. 12, 1531. (19×3 = 57, 12+19 = 31)
1533
+ July 11, 1533 – Henry VIII and Archbishop Cranmer are excommunicated by Pope Clement VII.
(1543, 27+16 = 43)
+ Polish cleric and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) published a new model of the solar system in his book "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") just before his death in 1543, purporting to show the movement of the earth instead of the sun.
In 1616, 73 years after its publication, the book was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. In 2008, an original copy sold at auction for $2.2 million.
1564
+ Nov. 21, 1564 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi sails from Mexico. Later, he will conquer the Philippine Islands, founding Manila.
(Meskerem 27, 1564 Eth. cal.)
+ Oct. 7, 1571 – The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on this day. Pope Pius V instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory, and King Philip II of Spain used the victory to strengthen his position as the defender of Christendom against Muslim incursion.
More than a military victory, Lepanto was a moral one since the Ottoman Turks had terrified Europe for decades. The mystique of Ottoman power was tarnished significantly by this battle. Christian Europe was heartened and all Christians rejoiced at this setback for the Ottomans.
1588
+ Aug. 8, 1588 – The British Navy defeated the Spanish Armada in the Battle of Gravelines off the coast of France.
1600
+ Feb. 19, 1600 – Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, the worst to be recorded in South America.
+ Apr. 19, 1600 – The first Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan, the Liefde ("Love"), anchors in Sashifu, in the Bungo Province.
+ Oct. 21, 1600 – Battle of Sekigahara in Japan: Tokugawa Ieyasu gains nominal control over the whole country.
+ Dec. 31, 1600 – The East India Company is granted a Royal Charter in the Kingdom of England for trade with Asia.
+ 1600 – Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan.
– English playwright William Shakespeare's (1564-1616) plays "Henry IV, Part 2", "Henry V", "The Merchant of Venice", "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "Much Ado About Nothing" are published in London.
The parish register of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, shows that Shakespeare was baptized there on Apr. 26, 1564. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language.
"What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." "To be, or not to be, that is the question."
1608
+ Oct. 2, 1608 – Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch Parliament.
1616
+ Feb. 26, 1616 – Galileo was ordered by the Roman Inquisition to cease to defend heliocentrism in any way whatsoever. And yet ... the idea that the Church is anti-science comes from anti-clerical politicians in Europe and anti-immigrant prejudice in America during the 19th century.
+ Mar. 1616 – Action of 1616, La Goulette, Tunisia: a Spanish squadron under Francisco de Ribera defeats a Tunisian fleet.
+ Sept. 15, 1616 – The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
+ Nov. 30, 1616 – Cardinal Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, is named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu will change France into a unified centralized state, able to resist both England and the Habsburg Empire.
+ 1616 – Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanking, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-led Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong. (329÷π² = 33.3346...)
1621
+ June 3, 1621 – The Dutch West India Company is founded.
+ June 21, 1621 – 27 Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague by the Austrian House of Habsburg as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain, fought on Nov. 8, 1620.
+ Oct. 1621 – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (3 days), later regarded as the First Thanksgiving, noted for peaceful co-existence.
+ Dec. 3, 1621 – The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (Feb. 15, 1564 – Jan. 8, 1642) announced that he had perfected his telescope. (21+21 = 42)
1633
+ Feb. 13, 1633 – Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome, for his trial before the Inquisition.
+ July 8, 1633 – Battle of Oldendorf: the Swedish Empire defeat the Holy Roman Empire.
+ Oct. 22, 1633 – A large Ming dynasty fleet, under Zheng Zhilong, defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet, at the island of Quemoy.
+ 1633 – In Ethiopia, Emperor Fasilides expels the Jesuit missionaries.
– Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan begins issuing the Sakoku Edicts outlawing Christianity, beginning a policy of extreme isolationism until 1853.
– A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at Cambridge University.
1648
+ Jan. 30, 1648 – The 80 Years' War, or Dutch Revolt (1568-1648), the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish king, ended with the Treaty of Münster between Spain and the Netherlands. The Dutch Republic was recognized as an independent state.
+ Oct. 24, 1648 – The Peace of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years' War and radically shifting the balance of power in Europe. The principle of state sovereignty emerged as a result of the treaty and serves as the basis for the modern system of nation-states.
1664
+ Aug. 1, 1664 – Battle of Saint Gotthard: the Ottoman Empire is defeated by a Habsburg army, leading to the Peace of Vasvár.
+ Aug. 27, 1664 – Dutch colony of New Netherland surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron without bloodshed. The English promptly rename the fledgling city New York, after the Duke of York.
1668
+ 19 years before publishing "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" ("the Principia") Isaac Newton (Jan. 4, 1643 – Mar. 31, 1727) built his first reflecting telescope because he suspected it could prove his theory that white light is composed of a spectrum of colours.
"This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent Being. … This Being governs all things, … The Supreme God is a Being eternal, infinite, absolutely perfect."
“The wonderful arrangement and harmony of the cosmos would only originate in the plan of an almighty omniscient Being. This is and remains my greatest comprehension.” "I have a fundamental belief in the Bible as the Word of God, written by men who were inspired. I study the Bible daily."
1688
+ Apr. 18, 1688 – Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery: the first written protest against slavery in the new world was drafted by Francis Daniel Pastorius, a young German attorney and three other Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia). The protest was based on the Bible's Golden Rule. “Is there any that would be done or handled in this manner?” the petition asked.
+ May 4, 1688 – King James II of England orders his Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against Catholics, to be read from every Anglican pulpit in England. The Church of England and its supporters are outraged; on June 8 the Archbishop of Canterbury is imprisoned in the Tower of London for refusing to proclaim it.
+ Sept. 6, 1688 – Great Turkish War: the Habsburg army captures Belgrade.
+ Nov. 23, 1688 – A group of 1,500 Old Believers immolate themselves to avoid capture, when troops of the tsar lay siege to their monastery on Lake Onega, Russia.
+ Dec. 9, 1688 – The Battle of Reading takes place in Reading, Berkshire, and ends in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange.
+ Dec. 18, 1688 – William of Orange enters London.
1708
+ Aug. 29, 1708 – A native American attack in Haverhill, Massachusetts kills 16 settlers.
+ Oct. 9, 1708 – Battle of Lesnaya: Peter the Great of Russia defeats the forces of the Swedish Empire.
+ Oct. 26, 1708 – The construction of St Paul's Cathedral in London is completed.
1716
+ Aug. 5, 1716 – Battle of Petrovaradin: Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat Ottoman Turks under Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (who is killed).
+ Oct. 16, 1716 – The Ottomans surrendered Timișoara to Prince Eugene of Austria after a siege of 43 days. After the war, a church commemorating this event was built on Tekije, on the hill over battlefield, and is dedicated to Our Lady of Tekije, also known as Our Lady of the Snows. The church has both Catholic and Orthodox altars and both Christian denominations use it.
+ 1716 – The Kangxi Dictionary is published, laying the foundation of most references to Han (Chinese) characters studied today.
1721
+ Nov. 2, 1721 – Peter I is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias.
+ 1721 – Regular mail service between London and New England is established.
– A suggestion box is developed under the 8th shōgun of Japan, Yoshimune Tokugawa.
1733
+ Oct. 5, 1733 – The election of Augustus III, to succeed his father as King of Poland, sparks the War of the Polish Succession. A major European conflict, the war was formally ended with the Treaty of Vienna signed on Nov. 18, 1738.
+ Dec. 25, 1733 – The Molasses Act of 1733 was one of a series of acts of the British Parliament meant to control the trade of the North American colonies. This act along with many others caused an enormous uproar in the colonies that eventually led to the American Revolutionary War.
+ 1733 – Swiss scientist Leonhard Euler is appointed Senior Chair of Mathematics at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in Russia. He first moved to St. Petersburg in 1727 and returned there in 1766 upon invitation from Empress Catherine the Great.
1748
+ Oct. 18, 1748 – The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle concluded the 8 years long War of the Austrian Succession. Maria Theresa (May 13, 1717 – Nov. 29, 1780) was confirmed as empress of Austria, but the treaty left many issues of conflict unresolved and war (the Seven Years' War) broke out again 8 years later.
Empress Maria Theresa gave birth to 16 children, she herself was born exactly 200 years to the day before the first apparition of Our Lady the Mother of God in Fatima, Portugal, and passed away at the age of 63.
+ 1748 – Leonhard Euler published "Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinite". Written in Latin, the "Introductio" has been hailed as "the foremost textbook of modern times" and Euler's identity (Euler's equation) as "the most beautiful formula in all mathematics". eiπ + 1 = 0
The first translation of the book into English, by John D. Blanton (1927-2016), was published on Sept. 21, 1988.
Widely regarded as the greatest mathematician of the 18th century, Leonhard Euler popularized the use of the Greek letter π as a symbol for the mathematical constant and irrational number.
1758
+ Jan. 20, 1758 – A former slave turned rebel François Mackandal is executed by the French colonial government by being burned at the stake in Haiti.
+ Dec. 13, 1758 – The ship Duke William sinks in the North Atlantic, with the loss of over 360 lives, while deporting Acadians from Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island) to France.
1764
+ Apr. 5, 1764 – British Parliament passes the Sugar Act, also known as the American Revenue Act 1764, a revenue-raising act.
+ Apr. 11, 1764 – Russia and Prussia signed a defensive treaty of alliance. The agreement was pivotal to the people of both kingdoms, and it followed the end of the Seven Years' War (1754-1763).
+ Apr. 27, 1764 – 8 years old child prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart performs a private concert before King George III and Queen Charlotte in Great Britain.
+ May 3, 1764 – Swiss neutrality is born: Baden, one of the member states of the Confederation of Switzerland, declares a policy of remaining neutral in future conflicts, a model that is soon followed by other members of the Confederation.
+ July 8, 1764 – The Niagara Conference begins, to negotiate the end of the hostilities from the French and Indian War.
+ Aug. 1, 1764 – The Treaty of Fort Niagara is signed between Great Britain and 44 North American Indian nations, brings an end to the ongoing war.
+ Oct. 15, 1764 – English scholar Edward Gibbon conceives the idea of writing The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, "as I sat musing amid the ruins of the Capitol".
+ 1764 – Catherine the Great establishes the first secondary education school for females in Russia – The Smolny Institute, for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg. The former capital of the Russian Empire, the historical city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27, 1703 and named after the apostle Saint Peter. It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia.
1768
+ Mar. 27, 1768 – Catherine the Great of Russia dispatches troops to intervene in a civil war in Poland, at the request of Poland's king, a move that will ultimately lead to the partition of Poland.
+ Sept. 1768 – France began its conquest of Corsica, a year before Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the island. In 1764, the Republic of Genoa had asked France to send her troops to the island.
+ Oct. 4, 1768 – Sultan Mustafa III begins the Russo-Turkish War. The war resumed the struggle of Russia for an access to the Black Sea, against the aggression of the Ottoman Empire.
Victories of the Russian Army compelled Turkey to enter into peace negotiations, which concluded in the Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji on July 21, 1774.
+ Dec. 21, 1768 – King Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies several small kingdoms to establish modern-day Nepal. The kingdom collapsed in 2008 when Nepal's newly elected Constituent Assembly voted to dissolve the monarchy and form a republic.
(1776, 1+7+7+6 = 21, 888+888 = 1776)
+ July 4, 1776 – The United States Declaration of Independence is ratified by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Declaration also contains 27 grievances against the decisions and actions of King George III of Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson (3rd U.S. president, b. 1743 in Virginia) was 33 years old when he drafted the document.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
1778
+ Feb. 6, 1778 – The Franco-American Alliance between the Kingdom of France and the United States was the first treaty negotiated by the fledgling United States. It proved pivotal to American victory in the American Revolutionary War as the French provided many supplies for the Americans. The alliance formally ended in 1800.
+ June 1778 – The Anglo–French War (the War of 1778) was a military conflict fought between France and Great Britain between 1778 and 1783.
The war helped secure American independence but turned out to be detrimental to the French crown by setting the stage for the French Revolution.
+ July 10, 1778 – Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
1780
+ June 7, 1780 – Riots by an Anti-Catholic mob (the Gordon Riots) in London are ended by the intervention of troops. About 285 people are shot dead. The riots began with a large and orderly protest against the Papists Act 1778, which was intended to reduce official discrimination against British Catholics enacted by the Popery Act 1698.
Popery Act 1698 (formal title: "An Act for the further preventing the Growth of Popery") had effectively placed a bounty of £100 on Roman Catholic priests who upon conviction became liable to "perpetual Imprisonment". Despite its severity, that was to some extent a mitigation of the provisions of the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, which prescribed the death penalty for any priest who failed to leave England within 40 days of being so ordered.
https://youtu.be/hWZIbnkkI9U?si=9kfpyf9Bw4cKJLM6
+ Aug. 24, 1780 – Louis XVI of France abolishes the use of torture in extracting confessions.
+ Oct. 2, 1780 – British spy John André is hanged by American forces on George Washington's orders. His execution led to an outburst of anti-Americanism in Great Britain.
In 1821, at the behest of the Duke of York, his remains were removed from New York to England and placed among kings and poets at Westminster Abbey.
In 1853, a monument was erected to the memory of André's 3 American captors on the place where they captured him. The monument was re-dedicated in 1880.
+ Oct. 10-16, 1780 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and Sint Eustatius; 22,000 are killed.
+ Nov. 28, 1780 – A lightning strike in Saint Petersburg begins a fire that burns 11,000 homes.
1788
+ Jan. 26, 1788 – Australia Day: 11 ships led by Captain Arthur Phillip land at Sydney Cove (which will become Sydney), Australia.
+ Mar. 21, 1788 – The Great New Orleans Fire kills 25% of the population and destroys 856 buildings, including St. Louis Cathedral and The Cabildo, leaving most of the town in ruins.
+ June 7, 1788 – France: Day of the Tiles, which some consider the beginning of the French Revolution.
+ June 21, 1788 – The U.S. Constitution became the official framework of the government of the United States of America when New Hampshire became the 9th of 13 states to ratify it.
+ Aug. 8, 1788 – King Louis XVI of France agrees to convene the Estates-General meeting in May 1789, the first time since 1614.
+ Oct. 1788 – King George III of the United Kingdom becomes deranged.
+ Nov. 25, 1788 – 50 consecutive days of temperatures below freezing strike France, a record that would be unbroken more than 200 years later.
1798
+ May 24, 1798 – Inspired by the French Revolution Irish republicans rose up to fight for their independence. The rebellion was a major event in the history of Ireland, even though it was ultimately defeated by the British Army. Ironically, French revolutionaries who had rejected the Catholic Church sent an expeditionary force to help the oppressed and predominantly Catholic Irish.
+ July 21, 1798 – Napoleon and his French troops defeated the army of the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids near Cairo. 160 scholars and scientists had accompanied Napoleon's expedition to Egypt.
(1799, 33×3 = 99)
+ Aug. 22, 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte left Egypt during the night in secret so as not to upset his soldiers. His travel seemed a lot like fairy tales, given that the English ships were standing by the coasts waiting to kill or arrest him. Napoleon arrived in France in October to a hero's welcome.
+ Nov. 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire, Year VIII under the short-lived and ill-advised Revolutionary calendar) – Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul of France in a bloodless coup d'état, soon leading to his coronation as emperor and the end of the French Revolution.
"I found the Crown of France in the gutter, and I picked it up with the tip of my sword."
1800
+ Apr. 24, 1800 – The U.S. Library of Congress is founded in Washington, D.C.
+ June 2, 1800 – The first smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
+ Dec. 24, 1800 – On Christmas Eve, despite knowing they could face the guillotine for their actions, Father Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de Chevalerie officially established the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.
1808
+ Jan. 1, 1808 – The importation of slaves into the United States is banned.
+ Mar. 1, 1808 – The slave trade is abolished by the United Kingdom in all of its colonies.
1816
+ May 8, 1816 – Divorce is abolished in France, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.
+ June 16, 1816 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.
+ July 9, 1816 – The Congress of Tucumán, the representative assembly consisting of 33 deputies initially meeting in San Miguel de Tucumán, declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America (modern-day Argentina, Uruguay, part of Bolivia) from the Spanish Empire.
The Declaration Document claimed that Spanish America recovered its sovereignty from the Crown of Castile in 1808, when Ferdinand VII had been deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte, and therefore, any union between the overseas dominions of Spain and the Peninsula had been dissolved.
1818
+ Apr. 4, 1818 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States.
+ Oct. 20, 1818 – A treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel.
+ Dec. 3, 1818 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.
+ Dec. 24, 1818 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" ("Stille Nacht") was first performed on Christmas Eve at St. Nikolaus Church, in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria. Catholic priest Father Joseph Mohr (1792-1848) first wrote the poem "Stille Nacht" in 1816 at Mariapfarr ("Mary's Parish"). The melody was composed by church organist Franz Xaver Gruber (1787-1863).
27 years after Father Mohr wrote the poem, English writer Charles Dickens (b. 1812, d. aged 58) first published his best-known story "A Christmas Carol" on Dec. 19, 1843.
https://youtu.be/VyiTmdI58Ps?si=iAJGfqd2ZHe7MvSG
https://youtu.be/cxCdw309sLo?si=Q-FGt7LceFSoWP78
1821
+ Feb. 21, 1821 – The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821, against the Ottoman Empire began with the first revolt in the Danubian Principalities. Greece successfully gained her independence after 8 years of war, in 1829.
+ Apr. 10, 1821 – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
+ May 5, 1821 – Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte dies in exile on Saint Helena island.
+ May 22, 1821 – Crimes and Punishment Act: Connecticut passed a law criminalizing abortion for the first time in American history.
+ June 24, 1821 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain.
+ July 28, 1821 – Argentine general José de San Martin declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire.
+ Sept. 15, 1821 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain.
+ Sept. 27, 1821 – The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence.
+ Dec. 15, 1821 – The world's first geographical society, the Société de géographie, is established in Paris.
1828
+ Jan. 8, 1828 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.
+ Apr. 14, 1828 – Noah Webster (Oct. 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) publishes his famous dictionary, "An American Dictionary of the English Language". In 1964, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. acquired Merriam-Webster, Inc. as a subsidiary.
+ Dec. 3, 1828 – Andrew Jackson (d. June 8, aged 78) is elected to become the 7th president of the United States.
+ Dec. 28, 1828 – The province of Echigo, Japan is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing roughly 30,000 people.
1833
+ Jan. 3, 1833 – The British take over a rocky archipelago known to them as the Falkland Islands and to Argentina as the Islas Malvinas. Located about 8,000 mi from Britain, it was first settled by the French in 1764.
+ Apr. 18, 1833 – Over 300 delegates from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland travel to the office of the Prime Minister, the Earl Grey, to call for the immediate abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire.
+ Aug. 1, 1833 – The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, ultimately giving slaves in much of the British Empire their freedom.
+ Nov. 25, 1833 – A major 8.7 earthquake strikes Sumatra.
1838
+ May 26, 1838 – Trail of Tears: the Cherokee Nation is forcibly relocated in the United States.
+ June 28, 1838 – The coronation of Queen Victoria takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.
+ Dec. 16, 1838 – The Boers win a decisive victory over the Zulus.
1848
+ Jan. 24, 1848 – California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold in Coloma, California.
+ Feb. 2, 1848 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ends the Mexican–American War (1846-1848). Mexico cedes virtually all of what becomes the Southwestern United States to the U.S.
+ Feb. 21, 1848 – Marx and Engels publish The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in London.
+ Feb. 24, 1848 – King Louis Philippe I abdicates in favour of his grandson and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. The French Second Republic is later proclaimed under the pressure of the mob.
+ Apr. 18, 1848 – The Second Anglo-Sikh War, a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the East India Company, breaks out in the Punjab. It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company.
+ July 19, 1848 – Heralded as the first American women’s rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention convened in the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York.
Women’s rights activist Elizabeth Stanton, the 8th of 11 children born to her parents: "We are assembled to protest against ... such disgraceful laws ... deeming them as a shame and a disgrace to a Christian republic in the 19th century. ..."
72 years later (18 years after the death of Elizabeth), in 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution recognized the right of women to vote.
Abolitionist leader and orator Frederick Douglass (b. 1818) who freed himself from slavery in 1838, was the only African American person present at the 1848 Convention, and one of only 32 men to sign the Declaration of Sentiments. He passed away at the age of 77 in Washington, D.C. and was buried next to his wife Anna at Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester, NY.
+ Aug. 14, 1848 – Oregon is annexed by the United States. It will become the 33rd state of the Union, admitted as an anti-slavery state.
+ Sept. 12, 1848 – One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the U.S. Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic, and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.
+ Dec. 2, 1848 – Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Joseph I (Aug. 18, 1830 – Nov. 21, 1916), who will serve as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, until his death in 1916.
1858
+ Jan. 7, 1858 (Orthodox Christmas, 21st of the Hebrew month Tevet) – Eliezer Yitzhak Pearlman (later Eliezer Ben-Yehuda) was born in Luzhki in the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Belarus). He was the main driving force behind the revival of the Hebrew language.
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda passed away (Dec. 16, 1922) at the age of 64 in the Land of Israel and his funeral was attended by 30,000 people in Jerusalem.
+ Feb. 11, 1858 – Our Lady of Lourdes: 14 years old peasant girl Bernadette Soubirous (Jan. 7, 1844 – Apr. 16, 1879) has a vision at the grotto of Massabielle, the first in a series of 18 events which will come to be regarded as Marian apparitions.
St. Bernadette was born on Orthodox Christmas Day, lived 21 more years after the Apparitions, was canonized by the Catholic Church on Dec. 8, 1933, and her feast day is observed on April 16, the date of her rest.
+ June 2, 1858 – Comet Donati, the first comet to be photographed, is discovered by Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Donati (b. Dec. 16, d. aged 46).
+ June 16, 1858 – Abraham Lincoln accepts the Republican Party nomination for a seat in the United States Senate, delivering his "House Divided" speech in Springfield, Illinois.
+ Aug. 1858 – The first aerial photography is carried out by Nadar, from a moored balloon in France.
1864
+ Apr. 22, 1864 – The United States Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864, which mandates that the inscription "In God We Trust" be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.
+ Aug. 22, 1864 (በዓለ ፍልሰታ ለእግዝእትነ) – The First Geneva Convention, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, is signed in Geneva by 12 European states, under the auspices of the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded (predecessor of the International Red Cross Movement).
+ Sept. 1, 1864 – Charlottetown Conference: delegates from the Canadian colonies meet, to discuss Canadian Confederation.
+ Sept. 2, 1864 – American Civil War: Union forces under General William Tecumseh Sherman (b. Feb. 8, 1820) enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders fled the city.
+ Sept. 28, 1864 – The First International: International Working Men's Association was founded in London. It was to be directed by a committee of 21 and, at its peak, reported having 8 million members. 46 years old Karl Marx (b. 1818, d. aged 64) at once assumed its leadership.
+ Nov. 8, 1864 – The 16th U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is re-elected in a landslide victory. Standing 6'4′′, Lincoln is, to this day, the tallest American president ever.
The liberator of slaves, the savior of the Union and a martyr who gave his life, Abraham Lincoln stands as the greatest American president of all time by every measure.
1868
+ Jan. 3, 1868 – The 15 years old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration, his own restoration to full power.
+ Apr. 13, 1868 (Easter Monday) – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia commits suicide, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia.
+ May 29, 1868 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging.
+ July 28, 1868 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States due process of law.
+ Sept. 3, 1868 – Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to Tokyo.
+ Nov. 3, 1868 – Ulysses S. Grant (b. Apr. 27) wins the election to become the 18th president of the United States of America. At the age of 46, he was the youngest president yet elected.
His parents Jesse and Hannah were married in 1821.
He was 21st in his class when graduating from the United States Military Academy (West Point) in 1843. (27+16 = 43)
He married his wife Julia on Aug. 22, 1848.
In 1863, he led the Vicksburg campaign that gave Union forces control of the Mississippi River and dealt a major strategic blow to the Confederacy.
President Abraham Lincoln named him commander of all Union armies in March 1864.
President Grant passed away at 8:08 am at the age of 63. (21×3 = 63)
His funeral was and remains the largest such event in American history, attendance topping 1.5 million. 12 years later, Grant's body was laid to rest in the General Grant National Memorial, known as "Grant's Tomb", the largest mausoleum in North America, on Apr. 17, 1897. (33+64 = 97)
+ Dec. 9, 1868 – The world's first traffic signal lights are installed at the junction of Great George Street and Bridge Street in Westminster, London.
+ Dec. 25, 1868 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.
(Meskerem 26-28, 1864 Eth. cal.)
+ Oct. 8-10, 1871 – The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned in the American city killing approximately 300 people, destroying roughly 3.3 square miles of the city including over 17,000 structures. It left more than 100,000 residents homeless.
1878
+ Jan. 5, 1878 – Battle of Shipka Pass IV: Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire.
+ Feb. 19, 1878 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison.
+ Feb. 21, 1878 – The first ever telephone directory was published by the New Haven District Telephone Company, the first public telephone company in the world.
The company opened for business at the corner of Chapel and State Streets on Jan. 28, 1878 with 21 subscribers and provided telephone service to the state of Connecticut until 1998.
In 2008, one of the only known surviving copies of the world’s first telephone book sold at auction for over $170,000.
+ Mar. 3, 1878 – Treaty of San Stefano was signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople.
+ May 15, 1878 – The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established.
+ July 13, 1878 – Treaty of Berlin was signed. It consisted of 64 articles and significantly changed the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano. The most notable result is the de jure recognition of de facto independent states of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
+ Oct. 1878 – Austro-Hungarian Empire occupies Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1880
+ Feb. 1880 – The journal Science is first published in the United States, with financial backing from Thomas Edison.
+ Mar. 31, 1880 – Wabash, Indiana becomes the first electrically lit city in the world.
+ June 8, 1880 – Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) delivered his "Pushkin Speech" in honour of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin at the unveiling of the Pushkin Monument in Moscow. (27×3 = 81)
"Let our country be poor, but this poor land “Christ traversed with blessing, in the garb of a serf”. Why then should we not contain His final word? Was not He Himself born in a manger?"
Dostoyevsky's works are often called prophetic because he so accurately predicted how Russia’s revolutionaries would behave if they came to power.
+ Aug. 14, 1880 – Cologne Cathedral is completed, after construction began in 1248, 632 years earlier.
+ Dec. 16, 1880 – The First Boer War began when Transvaal Boers revolted and fired shots at British soldiers.
(1881, 27×3 = 81)
+ Mar. 13, 1881 – Tsar Alexander II (b. 1818), who emancipated the serfs during his reign, was assassinated by a gang of terrorists, leading to the start of the revolutionary era in Russia. It was the 7th attempt on his life and he was murdered 16 years after 16th President Abraham Lincoln suffered a similar fate.
The Resurrection of Christ Church (a.k.a. The Church of Our Savior on Spilled Blood) was constructed between 1883 and 1907 on the site where Emperor Alexander II was assassinated. The magnificent church was reopened in August 1997 after 27 years of restoration and it is now one of the main tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg.
+ Oct. 19, 1881 – 21st U.S. President Chester Arthur, sworn in only 30 days before, following James Garfield's death, made his first public speech as president during an elaborate ceremony to honor the centennial of the Battle of Yorktown. Also present were descendants of French soldiers Lafayette, Rochambeau, de Grasse, and Steuben.
The assassination of President James Garfield took place 16 years after that of 16th President Abraham Lincoln.
The Battle of Yorktown was the decisive battle that finally ended the 8 years long American Revolutionary War, establishing the independence of the colonies.
1888
+ Jan. 13, 1888 – The National Geographic Society is founded in Washington, D.C.
+ Apr. 9, 1888 – 15 years old St. Thérèse of Lisieux, born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin, entered the Carmelite Monastery of Lisieux, France, taking the name Sister Therese of the Child Jesus, becoming a nun and joining two of her older sisters.
Her memoir "The Story of a Soul" was first published in 1898, a year after she passed away in 1897 at the young age of 24. (33+64 = 97)
The Roman Catholic Church celebrates the feast of St. Therese on October 1st; Meskerem 21 on the Ethiopian calendar, also known as the Feast of Gishen Mariam or Our Lady of Gishen.
+ May 1888 – Serbian-American inventor Nikola Tesla (b. 1856) patents and demonstrates his alternating current (AC) motor.
In 1933, Tesla moved into Room #3327 (on 33rd floor) of the New Yorker Hotel, located on 8th Avenue, where he passed away on Orthodox Christmas Day, Jan. 7, 1943. Both his father and maternal grandfather were Orthodox priests. (27+16 = 43)
The Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia was first established according to Article 80 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Tesla could speak 8 languages, obtained about 300 patents worldwide, and he is arguably the greatest inventor of all time.
+ May 13, 1888 – Imperial Law #3353 also called the Golden Law (containing just 18 words) abolished slavery in all its forms, making Brazil the last country in the Western world to abolish the enslavement of human beings.
+ Aug. 5, 1888 – Bertha Benz arrives in Pforzheim having driven 64 km (40 miles) from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz, thus completing the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile.
+ Aug. 10, 1888 – Dr Friedrich Hermann Wölfert’s motorised airship successfully completes the world’s first engine-driven flight, from Cannstatt to Kornwestheim in Germany.
+ Sept. 1888 – Anne Sullivan brings 8 years old Helen Keller to Perkins Institution (Watertown, Boston) to further her education and to meet other children who are blind and deafblind.
Anne Sullivan was 21 years old when she entered the Keller household as an instructor for young Helen.
+ Oct. 14, 1888
– Louis Le Prince films the first motion picture in Leeds, England, two seconds and 18 frames in length.
– Battle of Guté Dili: Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is now southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed by an alliance of Shewan forces, under Ras Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battlefield.
(Yekatit 6, 1888 Eth. cal.)
+ Feb. 14, 1896 – 8 years before he died, Theodor Herzl published "Der Judenstaat" ("The Jewish State"). As expressed in this book, Herzl envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century as the best way to avoid antisemitism in Europe, and encouraged Jews to purchase land in the Holy Land.
(Yekatit 23, 1888 Eth. cal.)
+ Mar. 1, 1896 – Battle of Adwa: Emperor Menelik II fought to defend Ethiopia's independence against Italy. On Saint George's Day (the 23rd), he led the Ethiopian Army to a decisive victory against the invaders.
1898
+ Feb. 12, 1898 – The automobile belonging to Henry Lindfield rolls out of control down a hill in London, England, and hits a tree; thus he becomes the world's first fatality from an automobile accident on a public highway.
+ Mar. 1, 1898 – Vladimir Lenin creates the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
+ Apr. 25, 1898 – The United States declares war on Spain; the U.S. Congress announces that a state of war has existed since Apr. 21.
+ June 12, 1898 – After more than 377 years of Spanish dominance, General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.
+ June 21, 1898 – Spanish-American War: the United States captures Guam, making it the first U.S. overseas territory.
(1899, 33×3 = 99)
+ June 11, 1899 – Inspired by the messages he received from the German nun and mystic Sister Maria of the Divine Heart, Pope Leo XIII consecrated the entire human race to the Sacred Heart of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Sister Maria (Sept. 8, 1863 – June 8, 1899) was declared Venerable in 1964.
+ Oct. 11, 1899 – 19 years after the start of the First Boer War, the Second Boer War began when the two Boer republics declared war on the British Empire. The conflicts in South Africa were mainly fueled by the discovery of diamonds and gold in the region.
On June 21, 1897, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State ratified a treaty which united them to form a defensive military alliance. They fought for a freedom that they themselves were going to deny to the indigenous Africans under apartheid until 1994, 97 years after the agreement.
1908
+ May 10, 1908 – Mother's Day: 44 years old Christian activist Anna Maria Jarvis (May 1, 1864 – Nov. 24, 1948) organized the first official Mother's Day celebration in the United States (at 11 East Main Street, St. Andrew's Church in Grafton, West Virginia). She chose the second Sunday in May to mark the anniversary of her own mother’s death; Ann - who had passed away 3 years earlier on May 9.
Ginbot 1 or May 9 is the birthday of Our Lady & Mother, the Holy Virgin Mariam, Mother of God. The name of Our Lady's mother is Saint Anne or St. Anna/Hanna. St. Anne's monthly holiday is on the 11th and her annual holiday is on Hdar (November) 11.
May 9 is celebrated in Russia as Victory Day.
+ May 26, 1908 – At Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil discovery in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom.
+ July 3, 1908 – Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire begins.
+ Aug. 8, 1908 – Wilbur Wright flies in France for the first time, demonstrating true controlled powered flight in Europe.
+ Sept. 17, 1908
– San Francisco native Thomas E. Selfridge (b. Feb. 8) became the first person to die as the result of an airplane accident when the 1908 Wright Military Flyer piloted by aviation pioneer Orville Wright crashed to earth during a demonstration flight for the U.S. Army.
– The order to begin construction of the doomed luxury ship Titanic was given on this date. 8 workers were killed during the construction and it remains a gripping tragedy of Shakespearean proportions.
+ Sept. 27, 1908 – Henry Ford produces his first Model T automobile.
+ Oct. 5, 1908 – The independence of Bulgaria was formally proclaimed at the Holy 40 Martyrs Church in Tarnovo. As part of the proclamation, Ferdinand raised Bulgaria from a principality to a kingdom and changed his title from prince to tsar (king), and the country would be ready to join the Balkan League and fight the Ottoman Empire in what would become the First Balkan War of 1912.
+ Oct. 6, 1908 – The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary.
+ Dec. 2, 1908 – The last emperor of China, 2 years old 溥儀 Puyi was crowned in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the largest hall within the Forbidden City in Beijing. (The original hall was built in 1421 during the Ming dynasty.)
+ Dec. 28, 1908 – The 7.1 Mw Messina earthquake shakes Southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 75,000 and 200,000.
1916
+ 1916 – Our Lady of Fátima: In the spring and summer of 1916, an angel heralds the Blessed Virgin Mary’s coming to 3 shepherd children in a field in Fatima, Portugal.
On May 13, 1917, the shepherd children reported seeing Our Lady the Holy Virgin and described Her as "a Lady more brilliant than the sun".
The 3 children were Lúcia de Jesus dos Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta de Jesus Marto. Sister Lúcia of Fatima grew up to become a Carmelite nun and passed away in 2005 at the age of 97.
+ Apr. 24, 1916 (Easter Monday) – About 1,200 Irish patriots rose up in Dublin in order to throw off 8 centuries of British colonial rule. The Rising of Easter Week 1916 changed everything, leading to the War of Independence against Britain, a peace treaty and ultimately to the Republic of Ireland. 16 leaders were executed in the aftermath of the Easter Rising, 15 were shot and one was hanged.
+ May 16, 1916 – Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI.
+ July 1 – Nov. 18, 1916 – WWI: Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Albert, more than one million soldiers die.
+ Aug. 25, 1916 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation, creating the National Park Service.
+ Sept. 27, 1916 – Iyasu V of Ethiopia is deposed in a palace coup, in favour of his aunt Zewditu.
+ Oct. 16, 1916 – Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, a forerunner of Planned Parenthood.
https://youtu.be/VHausJEy9f0?si=XiAc-SAq2l-NqFbY
+ Oct. 27, 1916 – Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Lij Iyasu, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte-Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zewditu.
+ Nov. 1, 1916
– Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
– The first 40-hour work week officially begins, in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York.
+ Dec. 30, 1916 – The controversial mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg.
1918
+ Jan. 8, 1918 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech.
+ Jan. 28, 1918 – The Red Army was established as the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic by the Council of People's Commissars. It was renamed the "Soviet Army" in February 1946 - which in turn became the Russian Army 46 years later, on May 7, 1992.
+ June – Aug. 1918 – The "Spanish 'flu" becomes pandemic. Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months.
+ July 17, 1918 – Execution of the Romanov family: by order of the Bolshevik Party, and carried out by the Cheka.
+ Sept. 3, 1918 – The Bolshevik government of Russia publishes the first official announcement of the Red Terror as an "Appeal to the Working Class" in the newspaper Izvestia.
+ Sept. 25, 1918 – WWI: the Battle of Megiddo ends with the Battle of Haifa, Battle of Samakh, and Capture of Tiberias.
+ Oct. 13, 1918 – The genius mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (Dec. 22, 1887 - Apr. 26, 1920) became the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
"The Man Who Knew Infinity," a film about Ramanujan, was released in the United Kingdom on April 8, 2016 and 21 days later in the United States.
+ Nov. 11, 1918 – End of WWI: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies.
1921
+ Feb. 12, 1921 – The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by forces of Bolshevist Russia.
+ Feb. 21, 1921 – Reza Shah Pahlavi (b. 1878) staged a coup d'état in Persia with British support, eventually founding the Pahlavi dynasty and becoming Shah (king).
+ May 21, 1921 – The Battle of St. Anne’s Mountain was fought between German paramilitaries and Polish insurgents in Upper Silesia.
+ May 31, 2021 – Tulsa race riot of 1921 occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31 and lasting for two days. The massacre left somewhere between 30 and 300 people dead, mostly African Americans, and destroyed Tulsa’s prosperous Black neighbourhood of Greenwood.
+ July 1921 – The Communist Party of China (CPC) is founded in Shanghai. 27 years old Mao Zedong was a founding member. The CPC launched the Chinese Civil War on Aug. 1, 1927, when Mao was 33. He ruled China for 27 years, 1949-1976. (7×7 = 49, 19×4 = 76)
+ July 27, 1921 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, announce the discovery of the hormone insulin.
+ July 29, 1921 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the Nazi Party.
On Nov. 8, 1923 Hitler made an attempt to start an insurrection in Germany against the Weimar Republic. The putsch failed, Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison, but was released after serving only 8.8 months or 264 days. He used his time in prison (in cell No. 7) to write his dark and foreboding manifesto. On Jan. 8, 2016, a reprint of the book started selling in Germany for the first time in 70 years.
On the 12th anniversary of the attempted coup, the New York Times reported the following:
16 NAZI MARTYRS GET HONORS TODAY; Victims in the Munich Putsch of 1923 Will Be Placed in Memorial Temples.
Nov. 9, 1935
MUNICH, Nov. 8 – The German National Socialist revolution, proclaimed 12 years ago tonight, which lasted then for less than a day but attained a nation-wide triumph 10 years later, is again being celebrated here at the scene of its temporary defeat. Pomp and ceremony such as only National Socialist stage managers, backed by all the Reich's resources, can command mark the celebration. It is a large, stirring spectacle. Out of the seemingly limitless ingenuity of the originators of these pageants new features have been devised. ...
16 “Martyrs" to Be Honored.
In the midst of the buildings, in the centre of one side of a great open square, are two temples open to the sky after the Greek fashion. Tomorrow in these are to be finally laid the remains of the 16 followers of Adolf Hitler who lost their lives when the rifles of Reichswehr soldiers in the guise of Bavarian State police ended his putsch in 1923. The bodies have been exhumed from different burial grounds scattered all over Germany, the old coffins enclosed in new zinc casings which will now be placed in stone sarcophagi and there they will lie – forever or for as long as National Socialism endures – 8 in each temple, memorials for the German people to reverence as the early martyrs in a cause that was ultimately victorious. ...
During his imprisonment he wrote his book, "Mein Kampf." It contains among other things this passage: "The fire has been lighted, from the heat of which must come some day the sword which shall regain for the German Siegfried freedom and for the German nation life. And with the coming uprising I feel is marching a goddess of inexorable vengeance for the perjury of Nov. 9, 1918." These were the twin prophecies of a man then almost unknown and deemed by most of those who knew him as an irresponsible fanatic. Yet both in part have already come true. ...
https://www.nytimes.com/1935/11/09/archives/16-nazi-martyrs-get-honors-today-victims-in-the-munich-putsch-of.html
+ Aug. 9, 1921 (Tuesday) – Franklin D. Roosevelt began experiencing symptoms of a paralytic illness while vacationing at Campobello Island with his family. He came close to death from the illness, and remained paralyzed from the waist down and relied on a wheelchair and leg braces for mobility.
FDR was the only American president elected and inaugurated four times. In 1938, he founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, leading to the development of polio vaccines. He is the longest serving president in U.S. history; 12 years from 1933 until he passed away on Apr. 12, 1945 at the age of 63.
+ Aug. 23, 1921 – Faisal I was made king of Iraq, a newly created entity that was under British mandate.
On Sept. 8, 1933, King Faisal died of a heart attack in Bern, Switzerland at the age of 48 and was succeeded by his eldest son Ghazi (born Mar. 21, 1912, died at the age of 27).
+ Nov. 4, 1921 – Japanese politician Hara Takashi (b. 1856), the first Christian appointed to be Prime Minister of Japan (serving since 1918), was assassinated by a far-right nationalist.
+ Nov. 9, 1921
– The National Fascist Party is founded in Italy.
– Albert Einstein (Mar. 14, 1879 – Apr. 18, 1955) is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his work with the photoelectric effect.
+ Nov. 14, 1921 – The miraculous image of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City miraculously survived a bomb attack without the slightest damage.
https://youtu.be/KEhjwCsDDsc?si=s5tjNbik-a9UaA0n
+ Dec. 6, 1921 – The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.
1928
+ Feb. 8, 1928 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird broadcasts a transatlantic television signal from London to Hartsdale, New York.
+ Aug. 2, 1928 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty.
+ Aug. 27, 1928 – The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed in Paris, the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.
+ Sept. 1928 – 18 years old Albanian Mother Teresa left her home to join the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, known as the Sisters of Loreto, in Ireland. There she received the name Sister Mary Teresa after St. Therese of Lisieux. She moved to India in 1929 and began missionary work with the poor in 1948. Her unselfish work for the forgotten ones in society won her the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. (√79 = 8.88819...)
100 years after the resting of St. Therese of Lisieux, Mother Teresa passed away on Sept. 5, 1997. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country. (33+64 = 97)
In 2016, St. Teresa of Calcutta was canonized by the Vatican in the presence of 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.
+ Sept. 28, 1928 – Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday, Sept. 28, 1928.
+ Oct. 1, 1928 – Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) makes the decision to collectivize Soviet agriculture.
28 years later, in 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech" denouncing Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult.
Khrushchev's de-Stalinization process in Soviet society ended after only 8 years when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964.
American historian and biographer Dr. Stephen Mark Kotkin (UC Berkeley, 1988) ~ "It was a false god, a false dream, and the world wasn't better. And we know that now. And some of them figured that out along the way."
https://youtu.be/FbTwOHMp0ps?si=PojApm6G-OzbdA-8
https://youtu.be/RwH7TVslS_8?si=p4C5rv7vbYpjJF0V
1933
+ Jan. 3, 1933 – Our Lady of Beauraing, the Virgin with the Golden Heart: 33 Marian apparitions reported in Beauraing, Belgium, from Nov. 29, 1932 to Jan. 3, 1933 by five children.
https://youtu.be/oBruEBGp8Kk
+ Jan. 15 – Mar. 2, 1933 – A teenage girl, Mariette Beco, in Banneux, Belgium, reports eight Marian apparitions, which become known as the Virgin of the Poor or Our Lady of Banneux.
+ Jan. 30, 1933 – Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany.
+ Feb. 24, 1933 – Japan stunned the world when the Japanese delegation, defying world opinion, walked out of the League of Nations in Geneva after the Assembly, by a vote of 42 to 1, ruled that the Japanese army had invaded Manchuria.
+ Feb. 27, 1933 – A dramatic arson attack burned the building that housed the Reichstag (German parliament) in Berlin. Hitler used the fire as an excuse to seize absolute power by convincing President Hindenburg to invoke Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution to declare a state of emergency.
https://youtu.be/A8dIT6DbFRI?si=-fD-t28ToxGmI1Yi
+ Mar. 4, 1933 – The first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president of the United States was held in Washington, D.C. This was the 37th inauguration, and marked the commencement of his first term as president.
Roosevelt's first term in office was shorter than a normal term by 43 days as the 20th Amendment, ratified earlier in the year, moved Inauguration Day to January 20.
Roosevelt was elected 4 times becoming the only president to exceed 8 years in office. He died in office and was succeeded by 33rd President Harry Truman. FDR is widely regarded as the second greatest president of the United States.
+ Mar. 24, 1933 – British newspaper Daily Express ran the headline: "Judea Declares War on Germany".
"A strange and unforeseen sequel has emerged ... The whole of Israel throughout the world is uniting to declare an economic and financial war on Germany. ... The appearance of the Swastika symbol of a new Germany has called forth the Lion of Judah, the battle symbol of Jewish defiance."
"14 million Jews, dispersed throughout the world, have banded together as one man to declare war on the German persecutors ... The old and reunited people of Israel are rising with new and modern weapons to fight their age-old battle with their persecutors."
+ Mar. 27, 1933 – Japan gave formal notice of its withdrawal from the League of Nations.
8 years after leaving the League, Imperial Japan attacked the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, killing at least 2,400 people, destroying 188 aircraft and sinking or damaging 21 ships including all 8 battleships. The United States formally entered the Second World War on Dec. 8, 1941 when Congress declared war on Japan by a vote of 388 to 1 in the lower house.
Japan had joined the League of Nations as one of its founding members in 1919. World War II ended 12 years after Japan abandoned the League.
+ May 1, 1933 – 27 years old Polish visionary St. Maria Faustina Kowalska (b. Aug. 25, 1905) took her final vows and became a perpetual sister of Our Lady of Mercy. She passed away at the age of 33 on Oct. 5, 1938. (19+19 = 38)
St. Maria Faustina had her first mystical experience in 1912 when she was only 7 years old. She reportedly predicted the coming of a terrible war. Her Diary was finally approved in 1978, ending the Vatican's ban that lasted 19 years.
"In the Old Covenant," Our Lord, God and Savior Jesus Christ said to her:
"I sent prophets wielding thunderbolts to My people. Today I am sending you with My mercy to the people of the whole world. I do not want to punish aching mankind, but I desire to heal it, pressing it to My Merciful Heart." (Diary, 1588)
+ Aug. 25, 1933 – The Haavara (Transfer) Agreement was signed between German Zionists and the Nazi government to allow wealthy German Jews to immigrate to the Holy Land. As part of the deal, the Zionists agreed to lobby the global Jewish community to end their boycott of German goods that began when Hitler came to power.
+ Sept. 12, 1933 (Tuesday) – Probably the first scientist to think seriously of building real atomic bombs, Hungarian Jew Leo Szilard (Feb. 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was struck by the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction while he was crossing a street in London.
+ Oct. 14, 1933 – Hitler announced that Germany was leaving the League of Nations, and on Oct. 19 the German government gave notice of its intention to withdraw.
+ Oct. 17, 1933 – Scientist Albert Einstein arrives in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee.
+ Nov. 8, 1933 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.
+ Nov. 16, 1933 – The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.
+ Dec. 8, 1933 – The Feast of the Immaculate Conception - Saint Bernadette Soubirous of Lourdes, France is declared a saint by the Catholic Church.
https://youtu.be/NmFFWWpmcqA
+ Dec. 15, 1933 – The 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, making alcohol legal in the United States.
(Meskerem 22, 1928 Eth. cal.)
+ Oct. 3, 1935 – Fascist Italy invades Ethiopia without prior declaration of war.
The Covenant of the League of Nations, ARTICLE 16:
"Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants ..., it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League. ..."
Emperor Haile-Selassie, Appeal to the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva, May 12, 1936:
“I, Haile-Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, am here today to claim that justice which is due to my people, and the assistance promised to it 8 months ago, when 50 nations asserted that aggression had been committed in violation of international treaties."
"What, then, in practice, is the meaning of Article 16 of the Covenant and of collective security? ... I assert that the problem submitted to the Assembly today is a much wider one. It is not merely a question of the settlement of Italian aggression. It is collective security: it is the very existence of the League of Nations. It is the confidence that each State is to place in international treaties. ... In a word, it is international morality that is at stake. Have the signatures appended to a Treaty value only in so far as the signatory Powers have a personal, direct and immediate interest involved?"
"I pray to Almighty God that He may spare nations the terrible sufferings that have just been inflicted on my people, and of which the chiefs who accompany me here have been the horrified witnesses."
"Apart from the Kingdom of the Lord there is not on this earth any nation that is superior to any other. Should it happen that a strong Government finds it may with impunity destroy a weak people, then the hour strikes for that weak people to appeal to the League of Nations to give its judgment in all freedom. God and history will remember your judgment."
https://youtu.be/JV-fSs9r0nk?si=uoJNmadFD6jQ9sTl
https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/1936-emperor-haile-selassie-ethiopia-appeal-league-nations/
(1937, 21+16 = 37)
+ Jan. 1, 1937 – Anastasio Somoza García (b. 1896) becomes the 21st President of Nicaragua. He directly ruled the country for a total of 16 years.
19 years and 8 months after first seizing power, he was assassinated by the poet Rigoberto López Pérez who shot him on Sept. 21, 1956. 27 years old López was instantly killed in a hail of bullets and Somoza died 8 days later in hospital.
On Sept. 21, 1981, 25 years after his death, the Sandinista government of Nicaragua declared Rigoberto López Pérez a National Hero.
+ Feb. 19, 1937 – Yekatit 12: An assassination attempt on viceroy Rodolfo Graziani during a public ceremony in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was used by the Italian fascists to begin an orgy of genocide, indiscriminately slaughtering native Ethiopians over the next 3 days. An estimated 30,000 people in Addis Ababa, all the intellectuals and the aristocratic elite, all the monks at Debre Libanos Monastery (about 600 souls, on May 21) were murdered by the fascists. Thousands were sent to concentration camps or into exile.
Ethiopia has never recovered from the trauma, her children constantly tearing each other in tragic, self destructive motion ever since.
+ Mar. 19, 1937 – The anti-communist encyclical Divini Redemptoris ("the Divine Redeemer") of Pope Pius XI is published.
"On Atheistic Communism, Given at Rome, the 16th year of our Pontificate."
8. The Communism of today, more emphatically than similar movements in the past, conceals in itself a false messianic idea. A pseudo-ideal of justice, of equality and fraternity in labor impregnates all its doctrine and activity with a deceptive mysticism, which communicates a zealous and contagious enthusiasm to the multitudes entrapped by delusive promises. This is especially true in an age like ours, when unusual misery has resulted from the unequal distribution of the goods of this world. ...
12. ... In a word, the Communists claim to inaugurate a new era and a new civilization which is the result of blind evolutionary forces culminating in a humanity without God.
16. ... It can surprise no one that the Communistic fallacy should be spreading in a world already to a large extent de-Christianized.
19. ... Where Communism has been able to assert its power ... it has striven by every possible means, as its champions openly boast, to destroy Christian civilization and the Christian religion by banishing every remembrance of them from the hearts of men, especially of the young. ...
21. ... Some restraint is necessary for man considered either as an individual or in society. Even the barbaric peoples had this inner check in the natural law written by God in the heart of every man. And where this natural law was held in higher esteem, ancient nations rose to a grandeur that still fascinates – more than it should – certain superficial students of human history. But tear the very idea of God from the hearts of men, and they are necessarily urged by their passions to the most atrocious barbarity.
27. ... Man has a spiritual and immortal soul. He is a person, marvelously endowed by his Creator with gifts of body and mind. He is a true "microcosm," as the ancients said, a world in miniature, with a value far surpassing that of the vast inanimate cosmos. God alone is his last end, in this life and the next. ...
33. ... The enslavement of man despoiled of his rights, the denial of the transcendental origin of the State and its authority, the horrible abuse of public power in the service of a collectivistic terrorism, are the very contrary of all that corresponds with natural ethics and the will of the Creator. ...
64. (Make it a chief aim) ... to spread the Kingdom of Jesus Christ not only among individuals, but also in families and in society ... to fight the battles of the Lord ... with a view to making known the Christian solution of the social problem.
+ Apr. 26, 1937 – At 4:20 in the afternoon, the bells of the Church of Santa María alerted the population of the Basque town of Gernika to the arrival of enemy aircraft during the Spanish Civil War. Gernika was destroyed and more than 2,000 people were killed by the action of the Nazi Luftwaffe and the Italian Air Force, acting under Francisco Franco’s command. The attack was essentially two things: a terror bombing and a war experiment.
+ May 6, 1937 – The Hindenburg, the largest airship ever built and the pride of Nazi Germany, bursts into flames upon touching its mooring mast in Lakehurst, New Jersey, killing 36 people. The fire started a few minutes after the forward landing ropes were dropped at 7:21 pm.
Kept aloft by 16 gas cell chambers, the ship left the Frankfurt airfield at 7:16 pm on May 3 with 97 souls onboard. The disaster occurred 64 years before 9/11, was captured on film and millions of people around the world saw the dramatic inferno which consumed the ship and its passengers. It was the airship’s 63rd flight. ("Oh, the humanity!")
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (July 8, 1838 – Mar. 8, 1917) was a retired German general and inventor of the Zeppelin rigid airship whose name became synonymous with airships. In 1897, he founded the "Society for the Promotion of Airship Travel", personally investing more than half of the share capital of 800,000 marks. He received a patent for his "steerable air vehicle" in 1898.
In 1908, Count von Zeppelin founded the company Luftschiffbau Zeppelin as a formal entity to continue advancing his pioneering research into rigid airships. He died at the age of 78.
+ July 2, 1937 – American aviation pioneer Amelia Mary Earhart (b. 1897) and her navigator Fred Noonan disappear over the Pacific Ocean, during Earhart's attempt to become the first female pilot to circumnavigate the world. On July 19, the United States government reluctantly called off the search and rescue operation. In 1938, a lighthouse was constructed on Howland Island in her memory.
+ July 30, 1937 – A Soviet government directive formally launched dictator Josef Stalin's Great Terror that left millions of people displaced, orphaned, crippled or dead.
The historian Robert Conquest's book, "The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties", published in 1968, revealed the extent of the horror. Robert Conquest died at the age of 98.
Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen (May 8, 1895 – Dec. 9, 1979) wrote in his 1948 book, "Communism and the Conscience of the West":
"The revelation of Fatima is a reminder that we live in a moral universe, that evil is self-defeating, that good is self-preserving; ... Soviet Russia is not the sole danger to the Western world; rather is it the de-spiritualization of the Western world to which Russia gave political form and social substance."
"World War II came, according to Our Lady of Fatima, because there was no amendment in the hearts and souls of men. ... The Western world is scandalized at the Soviet system, but this is basically because it sees its own individual atheism socialized and put into practice on almost a cosmic scale."
"The world is the way it is because each of us is the way we are. It is the special responsibility of the Christian to discern in two world wars in 21 years the judgment of God on the way we live."
"The conversion of Russia is the condition of world peace, but Russia’s conversion is conditioned upon our own reconversion. It may very well be that the very hatred which Russia shows to Christianity today proves she is closer to it than is the “broad-minded” man of the Western world who never says his prayers. Russia has to think about Christ to hate Him, but the indifferent man does not think about Him at all."
+ Aug. 13, 1937 – Japan mobilized dozens of warships, and more than ten thousand troops to attack Shanghai 上海, China’s largest city of industry and commerce. This sparked off the Battle of Shanghai, a ferocious, 3 months long combat and the first major battle in the Total War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.
"The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II" is a bestselling 1997 non-fiction book written by Iris Chang (b. Mar. 28, 1968) about the 1937-1938 Nanjing Massacre – the mass murder and mass rape of Chinese civilians committed by the Imperial Japanese Army in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the Battle of Nanjing. Iris Chang was 36 when she died in November 2004 (1997 Eth. cal.).
+ Dec. 11, 1937 – Italy withdrew from the League of Nations. She had been one of the 42 founding members.
On July 25, 1943, amidst the Second World War, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was voted out of power by his own Grand Council and was arrested. This marked the end of 21 years of his fascist tyranny.
1938
+ Mar. 12, 1938 – German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.
+ Apr. 16, 1938 – London and Rome sign an agreement that sees Britain recognize Italian control of Ethiopia (formally on November 16), in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its 10,000 troops from Spain, at the conclusion of the civil war there.
+ Apr. 21, 1938 – Jewish philosopher Dr. Edith Stein, who converted to Christianity, made her perpetual vows or eternal profession as a Carmelite nun. (19+19 = 38)
In 1921, she picked up the autobiography of Saint Teresa of Avila in a friend’s library and read the book all night. "When I had finished the book, I said to myself: This is the truth." Later, looking back on her life, she wrote: "My longing for truth was a single prayer." She was martyred for her Christian faith and Jewish people 21 years later, in 1942.
Edith entered the Carmelite monastery St. Maria vom Frieden (Our Lady of Peace) of Cologne in Oct. 1933 and took the religious name Teresa Benedicta of the Cross.
Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross was canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church in 1998.
+ May 28, 1938 – In a conference at the Reich Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.
+ Sept. 21, 1938 – A hurricane of astonishing force ravaged New England. It leveled virtually everything in its path, took more than 600 lives and caused damage estimated between $6-12 billion in today's dollars.
+ Sept. 30, 1938 – "Peace In Our Time." The Munich Agreement, signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy, permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there.
+ Oct. 1, 1938 – German troops march into the Sudetenland. The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum, the Czechs have little choice but to comply.
+ Oct. 21, 1938 – In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the "liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia".
+ Nov. 28, 1938 – Дмитрий Шостакович Dmitri Shostakovich's Waltz No. 2 premiered in Moscow. It was an immediate success and has remained one of his most enduring and popular short compositions.
Shostakovich’s Waltz No. 2 is a good example of how music can tell stories without words. It is more than just a catchy melody; it is an intricate combination of musical elements carefully interwoven to produce something that is both beautiful and disturbing.
The waltz has come to represent something beyond itself. Life can be viewed as a single perspective on it. It is capable of creating different feelings ranging from happiness to sorrow and combining light with dark motifs, which makes it personal for all listeners. Shostakovich was 68 when he died in Moscow.
https://youtu.be/QjvHdcfD3AY?si=brnPcujI4JIeiXfV
https://youtu.be/xA5op7h99iY?si=VUpDXcTiHi5XNKrt
+ Dec. 17, 1938 – Scientists working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin discover the nuclear fission of uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear power, which marks the beginning of the Atomic Age.
Chemist Otto Hahn (Mar. 8, 1879 – July 28, 1968) wrote to physicist Lise Meitner: "Perhaps you can come up with some sort of fantastic explanation. We knew ourselves that [uranium] can't actually burst apart into [barium]." Barium is a chemical element with atomic number 56 and was first isolated in 1808.
Meitner (Nov. 7, 1878 – Oct. 27, 1968) was born the 3rd of 8 children in a Jewish family in Vienna. She converted to Christianity in 1908.
(1/17/1933 – 8/12/2001 Eth. cal.)
+ ጥላሁን ገሠሠ Tilahun Gessesse (b. Sept. 27, Festival of the Holy Cross) is a legendary Ethiopian singer whose singing career spans 5 decades. He passed away at the age of 68.
https://youtu.be/4abCDwyJRtw?si=fDlyBlCOgmPPB3DK
(Miyazia 27, 1933 Eth. cal.)
+ May 5, 1941 – Emperor Haile-Selassie re-enters Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian capital, exactly five years to the day of when it was occupied by Italy.
(Ginbot 24, 1933 Eth. cal.)
+ June 1, 1941 – Mob violence, known as the Farhud in Arabic, erupted against the Jewish population of Baghdad. It was a turning point in the history of the Jews in Iraq who had lived in Babylon since the 6th century B.C.
(Senne 15, 1933 Eth. cal.)
+ June 22, 1941 – WWII: 8 years after Hitler's rise to power, Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union and declares war on it. Hitler and the heads of the German Army High Command were convinced that the Red Army could be defeated in 2 or 3 months by the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history. Prime Minister Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast.
(May 8, 1945)
+ Victory in Europe (V-E) Day. 8 days after Hitler committed suicide, celebrations erupted around the world to mark the end of World War II in Europe. Hitler ruled Germany for 12 years; and the Berlin Wall fell 100 years after he was born.
1948
+ Jan. 30, 1948 – Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated at age 78 in New Delhi by a Hindu fanatic.
https://youtu.be/EyMoo5vqw1M?si=-IQlwf3Y44tm6Yym
+ Apr. 3, 1948 – United States President Harry S. Truman signs the Marshall Plan, which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.
+ May 14, 1948 – Israeli Declaration of Independence: Jewish Agency Chairman David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel, establishing the first Jewish state in 2,000 years. Ben-Gurion became Israel’s first premier. The previous year, 33 countries (72%) including the United States, Soviet Russia, France and Brazil had voted in favour of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 1
6 Therefore, when they had come together, they asked Him, saying, “Lord, will You at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?” 7 And He said to them, “It is not for you to know times or seasons which the Father has put in His own authority. 8 But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.”
+ July 13, 1948 – The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church reach an agreement leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank of an autocephalous Patriarchate, empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church.
+ Aug. 23, 1948 – The World Council of Churches is established in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
+ Sept. 12, 1948 – Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces: 21 years old Sister Teresita Lat Castillo (July 4, 1927 – Nov. 16, 2016) reported that she began seeing Marian apparitions in Lipa, Philippines, located 48 mi south of Manila.
In 1921, Pope Benedict XV instituted Nov. 8 as the feast day of Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces.
+ Oct. 6, 1948 – A 7.3 Ms earthquake near Ashgabat, Soviet Turkmenistan kills 10,000–110,000.
+ Nov. 3, 1948 – “Dewey Defeats Truman.” The 33rd President Harry Truman held up the Nov. 3, 1948 edition of the Chicago Tribune newspaper with that headline as he celebrated his surprise victory in the presidential election of the day before.
+ Dec. 9, 1948 – The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. It was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly and codified for the first time the crime of genocide, marking a crucial step towards the development of international human rights and international criminal law as we know it today.
On July 1, 1949, Ethiopia became the first state to deposit the treaty.
+ Dec. 10, 1948 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1958
+ Jan. 8, 1958 – 14 years old Bobby Fischer (1943-2008) wins the United States Chess Championship.
In 1972 (1964 Eth. cal.) he became the World Chess Champion, winning with a final score of 12½–8½ in 21 matches played in Reykjavik, Iceland against the defending champion Boris Spassky of the USSR.
Bobby Fischer was 64 when he passed away in Iceland, the country that took him in as he was being persecuted elsewhere. According to his wishes, Bobby received a Catholic burial on Jan. 21, 2008; confounding critics, in a move some described as "a final checkmate". 21 years and 3 months before his rest, Iceland became the center of global attention by hosting a historic meeting in Reykjavik between U.S. President Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
+ Jan. 31, 1958 – The first successful American satellite, Explorer 1, is launched into orbit.
+ Apr. 3, 1958 – Castro's revolutionary army begins its attacks on Havana.
+ Apr. 4-7, 1958 – In the first protest march for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament from London to Berkshire, demonstrators demand the banning of nuclear weapons.
+ June 8-29, 1958 – The 6th FIFA World Cup, played in Sweden, marked the arrival of a then 17 years old Pelé on the world stage. The tournament is depicted in the 2016 American film Pelé: Birth of a Legend which is centered around Pelé and the Brazilian team's journey to winning the 1958 FIFA World Cup, their first title.
Pelé began playing for the Brazil national team at 16. He is the only player in history to win three FIFA World Cups.
+ July 14, 1958 – A military coup d'état took place in Iraq resulting in the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy established by King Faisal I in 1921 under the auspices of the British. King Faisal II and other members of his family, the regent and crown prince, and the prime minister were all assassinated during this coup.
Saddam Hussein would become the 5th president of Iraq 21 years later, on July 16, 1979.
+ July 29, 1958 – The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
+ Sept. 12, 1958 – Jack Kilby (b. Nov. 8) invents the first integrated circuit, while working at Texas Instruments.
+ Oct. 4, 1958
– The new Constitution of France is signed into law, establishing the French Fifth Republic.
– British Overseas Airways Corp becomes the first airline to fly jet passenger services across the Atlantic.
+ Dec. 18, 1958 – The United States launches SCORE, the world's first communications satellite.
1964
+ Jan. 8, 1964 – In his first State of the Union Address, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson declares a "War on Poverty."
+ Jan. 18, 1964 – Plans to build the New York City World Trade Center are announced.
+ Mar. 27, 1964 (Good Friday) – The Great Alaskan earthquake, the second-most powerful known (and the most powerful earthquake recorded in North American history) at a magnitude of 9.2.
+ Mar. 31, 1964 – The military overthrows Brazilian President João Goulart in a coup, starting 21 years of dictatorship in Brazil.
+ May 30, 1964 – Held 53 years after the 1911 inaugural race, the 48th annual 500‐mile automobile race in Indianapolis is primarily remembered for a fiery 7-car accident which resulted in the deaths of racers Sachs (b. 1927) and MacDonald, 27. There were 33 starters in the race, according to Indy 500 tradition.
+ June 12, 1964 – Nelson Mandela and 7 other defendants are condemned to life imprisonment, narrowly escaping the death penalty. Mandela (b. 1918) joined the African National Congress in 1943, served 27 years in prison, was elected president of South Africa in 1994, and retired from politics and the presidency in 1999.
+ July 2, 1964 – President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, officially abolishing racial segregation in the United States.
+ Aug. 4, 1964 – The Pentagon proclaimed that a “second attack” by North Vietnam against American destroyers had occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin.
By reporting government lies as absolute truths, American journalism opened the floodgates for the disastrous Vietnam War, leading to millions of Vietnamese and over 58,000 American casualties.
+ Sept. 14, 1964 – The world famous American author Helen Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest American honor, by Lyndon B. Johnson (b. Aug. 27, 1908) the 36th president of the United States.
"The living Word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, set it free!" ~ Helen Keller, about the miraculous breakthrough moment with her teacher Anne Sullivan (1866-1936).
+ Sept. 24, 1964 – The Warren Commission presented its 888-page final report to President Lyndon B. Johnson. It was released to the public 3 days later, on Sept. 27, 1964. The report concluded that the 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy (aged 46) was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald acted entirely alone. It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later on Sunday at 11:21 am.
American photographer Robert H. Jackson (b. Apr. 8) was traveling in the 8th vehicle behind the presidential limousine as the motorcade approached Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas on Friday, Nov. 22, 1963. He was awarded the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for Photography for his photograph of the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald.
President Kennedy married his wife Jacqueline on Sept. 12, 1953 at Saint Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (b. 1929) passed away at the age of 64.
https://youtu.be/pd5EuGtlDZ4?si=7jrnR6ACwP4O1mvf
https://youtu.be/o5v5Jpi--30?si=RgtNWaJKfcCNEK6K
+ Oct. 14, 1964 – Martin Luther King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance.
+ Oct. 16, 1964 – China exploded an atomic bomb thereby successfully carrying out its first nuclear test. With the test, China became the fifth nuclear power in the world.
China also became the first country to declare a “no first use” policy: “The Chinese Government hereby solemnly declares that China will never at any time and under any circumstances be the first to use nuclear weapons. We are convinced that man, who creates nuclear weapons, will certainly be able to eliminate them."
https://youtu.be/riDypP1KfOU?si=LZFd1y717Wqbj-DT
https://youtu.be/p5DT6xmL5HA?si=WujWKqU56qqiORr_
+ Oct. 21, 1964 – Tokyo: Abebe Bikila of Ethiopia became the first person to win the Olympic marathon twice. He finished with a time of 4 minutes and 8 seconds ahead of silver medalist Basil Heatley of Great Britain. Heatley, wearing #8, managed to stay close to Japan's Kokichi Tsuburaya and passed Tsuburaya shortly before the finish line to win the silver medal.
64 years after a barefooted Abebe Bikila won Ethiopia's first Olympic medal in 1960 (Rome), 33 years old Tamirat Tola (b. Aug. 11, 1991) won the gold medal in men's marathon with a new record at the 33rd Olympiad in Paris, France in 2024. Tamirat's gold was Ethiopia's 24th gold medal ever in Olympics history and it came 24 years after Ethiopia last won the Olympic men's marathon. ('Tamirat' = 'Miracles')
+++ Glory to the God of Saint Abune Tekle-Haimanot!!!
https://youtu.be/w_Nygi01VqI?si=YZ6I0fybBYEFfPI-
https://youtu.be/MOEdQsE-C8A?si=hny8MB2738H0kOC9
+ Oct. 27, 1964 – 53 years old Ronald Reagan's "A Time for Choosing" ("Rendezvous with Destiny”) speech was aired on national television during the U.S. presidential race. The speech was electrifying and a pivotal turning point in his life.
Mikhail Gorbachev of Russia was 33 years old at the time and would become the leader after 21 years. Reagan himself would win the presidency 16 years later, in 1980.
President Ronald Reagan survived an assassination attempt after being shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C. hotel at 2:27 pm on Mar. 30, 1981. (27+27+27 = 81)
https://youtu.be/_VBtCMTPveA?si=O7_52tbsD40jOBWk
Psalm 23
7 Lift up your gates, O ye princes, and be ye lifted up, O eternal gates: and the King of Glory shall enter in.
8 Who is this King of Glory? the Lord who is strong and mighty: the Lord mighty in battle.
(64+23 = 87)
https://youtu.be/XlB6_cxtv0M?si=s2no5OdeH-tmyTMx
+ Nov. 1964 – 26 half-hour television documentary films about the 33rd president of the United States, called "Decision: The Conflicts of Harry S. Truman", were broadcast beginning in Nov. 1964. Truman was named the outstanding television personality of 1964 by American Cinema Editors.
President Truman (b. May 8) passed away 8 years later in 1972, at the age of 88.
+ Nov. 21, 1964 – Lumen Gentium, the dogmatic constitution from the 2nd Vatican Council, is promulgated. It begins by naming Our Lord, God and Savior Jesus Christ as the “Light of the Nations” (“Lumen Gentium”) and head of the church, which is His body and includes all the faithful, both the visible society on earth and the spiritual community in heaven.
“Lumen Gentium” ends by pointing the faithful to Our Lady the Holy Virgin Mary as “a wholly unique member of the Church” and “the model of virtues... and taken up to heaven,” She is the first creature to enjoy the fruits of Christ’s salvation. Our Lady freely consented to God’s call to become the mother of Christ and cooperates with Him. Therefore, She is rightly called “the mother of the members of Christ,” for She intercedes for all and directs them to Her Son.
(8-18-1958 Eth. cal.)
+ Apr. 26, 1966 – The Tashkent earthquake occurred at 05:23 in the Uzbek SSR, at the very shallow (and more destructive) depth of 3-8 kilometers with its epicentre in the centre of the city. With a moment magnitude of 5.2, the earthquake caused massive destruction; over 80% of the city was destroyed, including over half of the old city.
Soviet authorities created an institute of seismology in order to forecast future earthquakes.
1968
+ Jan. 30, 1968 – Vietnam War: the Tet Offensive begins, as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.
+ Mar. 18, 1968 – Gold standard: the United States Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back U.S. currency.
+ Mar. 30, 1968 – Paradiso in Amsterdam opened its doors under the name 'Cosmic Relaxation Centre Paradiso.' It is housed in a converted former church building that was used until 1965 as the meeting hall for a liberal Dutch religious group known as the Free Congregation.
+ Apr. 2, 1968 – Our Lady of Zeitoun, also known as Our Lady of Light, a mass Marian apparition that occurred in the Zeitoun district of Cairo, Egypt, over a period of 2-3 years beginning on Apr. 2, 1968.
https://youtu.be/tVU8bhbQInw
+ Apr. 4, 1968 – Martin Luther King Jr. is shot dead in Memphis, Tenn.
+ Apr. 11, 1968 – The 36th U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
+ June 5, 1968 – U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, dies the next day.
+ Aug. 20-21, 1968 – Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia: The 'Prague Spring' of political liberalization ends.
+ Aug. 24, 1968 – France explodes its first hydrogen bomb in a test in French Polynesia.
+ Dec. 24, 1968 – Apollo program: the manned U.S. spacecraft Apollo 8 enters orbit around the Moon. Astronauts become the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole, as well as having traveled further away from Earth than any people in history. Anders photographs Earthrise. The crew also reads from Genesis.
+ 1968 – Ethiopian Symphony in Hungary: Ethiopian composer and conductor Professor Ashenafi Kebede's (1938 – May 8, 1998) classical music composition "The Shepherd Flutist" was first performed with the Hungarian State String Orchestra.
(1966 Eth. cal., 33+33 = 66)
+ Jan. 12, 1974 – Lasting 8 months long and culminating in the coup d'état of Sept. 12, the Ethiopian Revolution terminated the 3,000 years old monarchy, ushering in a time of continuous turmoil, civil wars and emigration. The revolution occurred 37 years after the 1937 fascist massacres and 33 years after Ethiopia's liberation from fascist occupation.
Psalm 67
31 Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God.
32 Sing unto God, ye kingdoms of the earth; O sing praises unto the Lord.
https://youtu.be/O6Dw7ZtTSDw?si=Iqe1ifS7pROdHLI0
(Senne 27, 1968 Eth. cal.)
+ July 4, 1976 – Operation Thunderbolt (the Entebbe Raid) was a counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by commandos of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. The commandos flew for 8 hours to Uganda and miraculously succeeded in rescuing most of the hostages, 8 days after their airplane had been hijacked by terrorists in Athens.
The French flight crew of 12 had chosen to remain with the hostages. The release of 53 political prisoners and $5 million ransom had been demanded by the hijackers.
1978
+ Feb. 27, 1978 – The first global positioning satellite, the Rockwell International-built Navstar 1, is launched by the United States.
+ Mar. 3, 1978 – Ethiopia admits that its troops are fighting with the aid of Cuban soldiers against Somalian troops in the Ogaden.
+ Mar. 15, 1978 – Somalia and Ethiopia sign a truce to end the Ethio-Somali War.
+ Apr. 27–28, 1978 – The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan staged a coup d'état and the successful uprising resulted in the creation of a socialist Afghan government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union. It remains a significant event in Afghanistan's history as it marked the beginning of decades of continuous conflict in the country.
+ June 1-25, 1978 – The 11th edition of the FIFA World Cup was held in Argentina who won 3–1 in the final, after extra time. This win was the first World Cup title for Argentina, who became the third South American team to win a World Cup.
Football star Lionel Messi and Argentina won the 22nd World Cup hosted by Qatar in A.D. 2022, the first to be played in the Middle East and the Arab world. They won 3–0 in their semi-final match, and then played to a 3–3 draw against the defending champions France in the final, winning on penalty shoot-outs. The match was the third FIFA World Cup final to be decided by a penalty shoot-out. It was Argentina's third World Cup victory and came 36 years after they last won the title. (3×12 = 36)
Ecclesiastes 3:11
He has made everything beautiful in its time.
+++ Glory to the God of Saint Michael the Archangel!!! Glory to the Father, to the Son and to the Holy Spirit, One God, forever and ever, Amen!!!
https://youtu.be/PbNIfxcuGWU?si=2G9T4CVKLg0UlJo6
+ June 8, 1978 – Russian philosopher Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (Dec. 11, 1918 – Aug. 3, 2008) delivers "A World Split Apart" - speech at Harvard University.
https://www.solzhenitsyncenter.org/a-world-split-apart
+ June 30, 1978 – Ethiopia begins a massive offensive in Eritrea.
+ Aug. 19, 1978 – Cinema Rex in the city of Abadan, in south west Iran, was set on fire by Islamist terrorists in order to fan the flames of the Islamic revolution, killing between 377 and 470 people. Witnesses reported that many of the victims of the fire were women and children.
+ Sept. 8, 1978 – Security forces fire on protesters in Jaleh Square in Tehran, killing 64 people. This incident, known as "Black Friday," became the beginning of the Iranian Revolution.
+ Sept. 11, 1978 – British medical photographer Janet Parker (b. 1938) of Birmingham became the last recorded person to die from smallpox.
In 1980, two years after Mrs. Parker's death, smallpox was officially declared to have been eradicated. It was the first infectious disease to have been fought on a global scale, an extraordinary achievement accomplished due to countries collaborating across the world.
English scientist Edward Jenner developed the world's first successful vaccine, which was for the smallpox virus, in 1796 (1788 Eth. cal.). In 1821, he was appointed physician to King George IV.
+ Sept. 16, 1978 – The 7.4 Mw Tabas earthquake affects the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people were killed.
+ Sept. 17, 1978 – The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.
+ Sept. 28, 1978 – Pope John Paul I dies after only 33 days of papacy.
+ Oct. 8, 1978 – Australia's Ken Warby sets the current world water speed record of 318 mph.
+ Oct. 16, 1978 – Pope John Paul II (May 18, 1920 – Apr. 2, 2005) succeeds Pope John Paul I as the 264th pope, resulting in the first Year of Three Popes since 1605. He is the first Polish pope in history, and the first non-Italian pope since the 16th century.
On May 13, 1981, the 64th anniversary of the first apparition of Our Lady the Holy Virgin Mary to the children at Fátima, the Pope narrowly survived an assassination attempt after he was shot and wounded in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. (27×3 = 81)
+ Nov. 18, 1978 – "Pentecostal" cult leader Jim Jones causes the massacre of 918 people in Guyana.
+ Dec. 8, 1978 – Golda Meir the 4th prime minister of Israel (the first and only lady) died in Jerusalem at the age of 80.
Born in 1898 in Kiev in the Russian Empire, she immigrated at the age of 8 with her family to the United States. In 1921, she emigrated to the Holy Land of Israel, then British Mandatory Palestine.
Golda became a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. Responding to the Jordanian king's suggestion that there is no hurry to proclaim the State of Israel, she answers, “We have been waiting for 2,000 years. Is that hurrying?”
+ Dec. 22, 1978 – The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform. This crucial decision will result in what has been called the great Chinese economic miracle, changing the lives of hundreds of millions of people for the better.
+ Dec. 25, 1978 – Vietnam launches a major offensive against the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia.
1980
+ Jan. 21, 1980 – The London Gold Fixing hits its highest price ever (adjusted for inflation), at US$850 a troy ounce.
+ Feb. 2–3, 1980 – The New Mexico State Penitentiary riot takes place; 33 inmates were brutally tortured and killed, and more than 100 inmates injured by fellow prisoners.
+ Mar. 24, 1980 – Archbishop Óscar Romero, an outspoken champion for the people who were suffering during El Salvador's brutal civil war, was shot by an assassin while celebrating Mass in San Salvador. Famed linguist Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) speaks highly of Romero's social work, and refers often to his murder.
+ Apr. 12, 1980 – Terry Fox begins his Marathon of Hope from St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada.
+ Apr. 24-25, 1980 – A commando mission in Iran to rescue American embassy hostages is aborted, 8 United States troops are killed in a mid-air helicopter collision during the failed operation.
+ Apr. 25, 1980 – 3 years after the worst aviation accident in history occurred on the island of Tenerife, Dan-Air Flight 1008, a Boeing 727-46 jet charter flight from Manchester, crashed into the side of Mount La Esperanza ("The Hope") in Tenerife, Spain at 13:21 local time, killing all 146 on board (138 passengers and 8 crew). Dan Air Services was founded on May 21, 1953, 27 years before this tragedy, and merged into British Airways 12 years afterwards, on Nov. 27, 1992.
+ May 4, 1980 – President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia died 3 days short of his 88th birthday. His funeral was attended by government leaders from 129 states, at the time the largest state funeral in history. Those who attended included 4 kings, 31 presidents, 6 princes, 22 prime ministers, and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War.
"I am the leader of one country which has 2 alphabets, 3 languages, 4 religions, 5 nationalities, 6 republics, surrounded by 7 neighbours, a country in which live 8 ethnic minorities."
https://youtu.be/bZdTO_BUaW4?si=3HlN_h4cu8Z_Qd3X
+ May 8, 1980 – Our Lady of Cuapa, Nicaragua: Bernardo Martínez, 48, begins to have a series of visions of Our Lady the Holy Virgin Mary, Mother of God.
+ May 18, 1980 – The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington (state) kills 57 and causes US$3 billion in damage.
+ June 27, 1980 – Known in Italy as the Ustica massacre, the passenger jet Itavia Flight 870 (IH 870, AJ 421) crashed into the Tyrrhenian Sea between the islands of Ponza and Ustica, killing all 81 people on board.
+ July 30, 1980 – The Jerusalem Law is passed by the Knesset declaring Jerusalem to be the eternal Capital of Israel.
+ Aug. 7-31, 1980 – Lech Wałęsa (b. 1943) leads the first of many strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard in the Polish People's Republic.
Celebrated worldwide as a symbol of the hope for freedom, Walesa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 and won the election on Dec. 9, 1990 to become Poland’s first president after the end of Communist rule. He is the father of 8 children. (27+16 = 43)
+ Sept. 5, 1980 – The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 16.3 kilometres.
+ Sept. 22, 1980 - The command council of Iraq orders its army to "deliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets", initiating the Iran–Iraq War.
+ Dec. 8, 1980 – English musician John Lennon is assassinated by Mark David Chapman "because of the singer's blasphemy". Chapter 27, a film about the assassin, was released in the United States in 2008.
+ 1980 – Tim Berners–Lee (b. June 8) wrote a software project named ENQUIRE in 1980 at CERN, which was the predecessor to the World Wide Web.
(1981, 3×27 = 81)
+ Feb. 8, 1981 – 8 years before the Hillsborough Stadium disaster in Sheffield, England, 21 people died in the biggest tragedy in the history of Greek football in the stampede that occurred at 16:58 at Gate 7 of Karaiskakis Stadium.
In 1981 a music band called "Wham!" is formed in Bushey, England.
The worst tragedy in English football, the Hillsborough disaster happened on the anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic and the death of President Abraham Lincoln – Apr. 15. The 2019 fire at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris broke out on the 30th anniversary of Hillsborough. In 2021, Hillsborough claimed the life of its 97th victim Andrew Devine.
https://youtu.be/imu6yb-PEw4?si=AjnbJqheTSOHQTKr
(8-18-1978 Eth. cal.)
+ Apr. 26, 1986 – The disastrous nuclear accident occurred at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union.
Writing on the 20th anniversary of Chernobyl in 2006, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-2022) suggested that the disaster “was perhaps the real cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union.” On Christmas Day 1991, Gorbachev went on live television to announce his resignation as the 8th and final leader of the communist superpower.
Gorbachev had married his wife Raisa in 1953 who died in 1999 after their 46 years of marriage. He passed away at the age of 91. (12+19 = 31, 1991+31 = 2022)
1988
+ Feb. 6, 1988 – "Man in the Mirror" song recorded by Michael Jackson (b. 1958) was released. It peaked at number 21 in the UK. Michael would live 21 more years.
+ Feb. 15, 1988 – General Tariku Ayne, who had been absent from Afabet for medical treatment, was executed outside of Asmara. The death of one of Ethiopia's most prominent generals surprised even the EPLF. ('Tariku'='The History', 'Ayne'='My Eye')
+ Feb. 20, 1988 – The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast votes to secede from the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and join the Armenian SSR, triggering the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
+ Feb. 28, 1988 – The great story of Sir Nicholas Winton's rescue of refugee children received publicity after his wife discovered in their attic a scrapbook containing the names and photos of 664 children. He helped save 8 trainloads of children by bringing them from Czechoslovakia to the UK in 1938.
https://youtu.be/hCeHkhQ_amM?feature=shared
+ Mar. 17-20, 1988 – The Battle of Afabet was fought in and around the town of Afabet, a major turning point in the Eritrean War of Independence.
+ May 15, 1988 – After more than 8 years of fighting, the Soviet Army begins its withdrawal from Afghanistan.
+ Spring 1988 – "It was late May or maybe very early June," Jewish Harvard professor Roy H. Schoeman is visited by Our Lady the Holy Virgin in a dream.
"A year to the day after the initial experience, I went to sleep after saying that prayer, and felt as though I was woken by a gentle hand on my shoulder, and escorted to a room where I was left alone with the most beautiful young woman I could imagine. I knew without being told that she was the Blessed Virgin Mary."
Professor Roy H. Schoeman's book "Honey from the Rock: 16 Jews Find the Sweetness of Christ" was first published in 2007 by Ignatius Press.
+ June 24, 1988 – 7th anniversary of Our Lady the Queen of Peace first apparition (1981) in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, which took place 64 years after the Fatima, Portugal apparitions (1917).
https://youtu.be/P8ky82HE_G0?si=JMiNIdkTJE68X_d9
+ June 28, 1988 (The millennium of Christianity in Russia) – The 19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: an event of historic significance took place in Moscow as Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev launched radical reforms.
+ June 29, 1988 – The film "Coming to America" is released in the United States. It is the story of a fictional, 21 years old African crown prince who travels to the New York City borough of Queens in search of his bride and queen. For his work in the film, actor Eddie Murphy reportedly earned $8 million plus royalties.
+ July 3, 1988 – All 290 passengers including 66 children were killed when Iran Air Flight 655 was mistakenly shot down by the U.S. Navy over the Persian Gulf.
+ July 21, 1988 – The Parliament of Canada passes The Emergencies Act, a law which authorizes the federal government to take extraordinary temporary measures to respond to domestic and international emergencies.
+ Aug. 11, 1988 – Al-Qaeda is formed by Osama bin Laden.
+ Aug. 18, 1988 – The Hamas Charter was issued, declaring jihad against Israel.
+ Aug. 20, 1988 – The Iran–Iraq War ends, with an estimated one million lives lost.
+ Sept. 5, 1988 – 16 days after the end of the Iran–Iraq War, April Glaspie is appointed 13th U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, becoming the first woman to be appointed an American ambassador to an Arab country. She is best remembered for her role in the events leading up to the Gulf War, between Iraq and a 42-country coalition spearheaded by the United States.
It was claimed that Glaspie's statements that "We have no opinion on your Arab–Arab conflicts" and that "the Kuwait issue is not associated with America" were interpreted by Saddam as giving the green light to handle his disputes with Kuwait as he saw fit. Glaspie herself for years remained silent on the subject of her actions in Iraq. But in March 2008 she gave an interview to the Lebanese newspaper Dar Al-Hayat. In the interview, she said she has no regrets. "It is over," Glaspie said.
April Glaspie was born in Vancouver, B.C. on April 26, 1942, and graduated from Mills College in Oakland, California, in 1963. She entered the United States foreign service in 1966.
+ Nov. 4, 1988 – With 40th President Ronald Reagan's signature, the United States ratifies the Genocide Convention, 40 years after it was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. The United States is the 97th nation to approve the treaty.
As of June 2025, 153 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty. Unfortunately, the United Nations has failed to prevent war or genocide.
+ Dec. 7, 1988 – In Soviet Armenia, the Ms 6.8 Spitak earthquake kills nearly 25,000, injures 31,000 and leaves 400,000 homeless.
– New York: Mikhail Gorbachev’s UN Speech, the first by a Soviet leader to the United Nations in 28 years, was heralded as one of the greatest diplomatic announcements of its time, as a message of friendship and cooperation among the nations. According to some historians, this marked the end of the Cold War.
+ Dec. 21, 1988 – Pan Am Flight 103, a Boeing 747-121, was destroyed by a terrorist bomb over the town of Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew on board.
+ 1988 – The Soviet Union began its major restructuring towards a mixed economy at the beginning of 1988.
– The Iron Curtain began to disintegrate in 1988 as Hungary began allowing freer travel to the West.
– The concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988.
– In 1988, American physicist Larry N. Shaw (Aug. 12, 1939 – Aug. 19, 2017) organized the first “Pi Day” celebration at the San Francisco Exploratorium science museum. Shaw chose March 14 or 3.14 (the first three digits of π) as Pi Day. 21 years later, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution proclaiming March 14 to be National Pi Day.
Shaw worked at the Exploratorium for 33 years, and he passed away 8 years after the National π Day proclamation.
8.888 ÷ √8 ≈ π
(Ginbot 8, 1981 Eth. cal.)
+ May 16, 1989 – A coup d'état was attempted by military generals in Ethiopia. The Minister of Defense Haile-Giyorgis Habte-Mariam was killed after refusing to join the revolt. 21 generals were killed or executed as a result of the failed coup.
(Dec. 8, 1991)
+ The Belovezha Accords forming the agreement that declared the USSR as effectively ceasing to exist was signed by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
(Tiqmt 24, 1988 Eth. cal.)
+ Nov. 4, 1995 – The 5th prime minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right Jewish extremist for signing the Oslo Accords with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat (Aug. 24, 1929 – Nov. 11, 2004).
Yitzhak Rabin was the first native-born prime minister of Israel and the only prime minister to be assassinated. He married his wife Leah in 1948. Leah Rabin (b. Apr. 28, 1928) emigrated with her family to the Holy Land in 1933. She passed away 8 days after the 5th anniversary of her husband's assassination. His assassin was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder and an additional 8 years for conspiracy to murder.
(Hamle 10, 1988 Eth. cal.)
+ July 17, 1996 – TWA Flight 800 jumbo jet exploded over the Atlantic Ocean and went down about 8 miles off the coast of Long Island, New York. The 747-131 airliner, the 153rd 747 made by Boeing, departed from Gate 27 at Terminal 5 of John F. Kennedy International Airport. It took off at 8:19 pm and exploded 12 minutes later at 8:31 pm.
1998
+ Jan. 1, 1998 – "Why Study History?" By Peter N. Stearns, American Historical Association (AHA)
"Why study history? The answer is because we virtually must, to gain access to the laboratory of human experience. When we study it reasonably well, and so acquire some usable habits of mind, as well as some basic data about the forces that affect our own lives, we emerge with relevant skills and an enhanced capacity for informed citizenship, critical thinking, and simple awareness."
"History is in fact very useful, actually indispensable. ... History should be studied because it is essential to individuals and to society, and because it harbors beauty. ... History, through cumulative skill in interpreting the unfolding human record, provides a real grasp of how the world works."
St. Ephrem the Syrian ~ "Let us avert by that which has been, the thing that is yet to be; let us be taught by that which has come, to escape that which is coming; let us remember that which is past, to avoid that which is future. Because we had forgotten the first stroke, the second fell on us; because we forgot the second, the third bore heavy on us. Who will yet again forget!"
+ Jan. 8, 1998 – Ramzi Yousef is sentenced to life in prison for planning the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993.
+ Apr. 10, 1998 – The Good Friday Agreement, a political deal designed to bring an end to 30 years of violent conflict in Northern Ireland, was signed in Belfast on Good Friday. The agreement was approved by a referendum in both Ireland and Northern Ireland on May 22, 1998 – the first all-Ireland vote since 1918.
+ May 28, 1998 – In response to a series of Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan explodes five nuclear devices of its own.
+ June 2, 1998 – American entrepreneur and publisher Ron Unz's Proposition 227 is approved by 60.88% of California voters. A mandate for English-only instruction in the public schools, Proposition 227 was repealed 18 years later by Proposition 58 on Nov. 8, 2016.
By the grace of the God of St. Michael and St. Gabriel, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Our Lord, God and Savior Jesus Christ, and by the intercession of Our Lady the Immaculate, Holy Virgin Mariam, Mother of God, in October 2019 (2012 Eth. cal.) Israel Shamir helped in publishing this miraculous, mathematical and historical timeline on Mr. Unz's website. Jewish, Orthodox Christian, Russian Israeli writer Israel Adam Shamir is a peace activist, internationally acclaimed radical spiritual and political thinker and Internet columnist.
"Still, the most important mission of the Church is to turn us to God. Equality, justice, family – all that is very good, but it is better to feel the elation of God’s nearness." ~ Israel Shamir, Apr. 21, 2016
St. Ephrem the Syrian ~ "At the beginning of the conversation He [Jesus] did not make Himself known to her, but first she caught sight of a thirsty man, then a Jew, then a Rabbi, afterwards a prophet, last of all the Messiah. She tried to get the better of the thirsty man, she showed dislike of the Jew, she heckled the Rabbi, she was swept off her feet by the prophet, and she adored the Christ.
+ June 10 – July 12, 1998 – The 16th FIFA World Cup was won by host country France, their first title. It was the second time that France staged the competition, the first was in 1938 for the 3rd edition.
+ July 17, 1998
– At a conference in Rome, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
– In Saint Petersburg, Nicholas II (1868-1918) and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after they were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
+ Aug. 4, 1998 – The Second Congo War begins; 5.4 million people die before it ends in 2003, making it the bloodiest war, to date, since World War II.
+ Aug. 7, 1998 – 3 years before the 9/11 terrorist attacks and 43rd President George Bush's declaration of War on Terror, truck bombs exploded simultaneously at U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people and injuring more than 4,000.
+ Sept. 2, 1998 – Swissair Flight 111 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean at the entrance to St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia, 8 kilometers from shore. All 229 passengers and crew on board were killed.
+ Oct. 31, 1998 – 42nd President Bill Clinton: "Today I am signing into law H.R. 4655, the "Iraq Liberation Act of 1998." ... On Oct. 21, 1998, I signed into law the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999, which made $8 million available for assistance to the Iraqi democratic opposition."
The new legislation appropriated $97 million to fund the Iraqi opposition groups, formalizing the U.S.’s demand for regime change.
Clinton was born on Aug. 19, 1946, and became president at 46.
(1999, 33×3 = 99)
+ Jan. 14, 1999 – Toronto mayor Mel Lastman (b. 1933, d. 2021 aged 88) called in the Canadian Armed Forces to downtown Toronto as the region was repeatedly blasted by severe snowstorms beginning on Jan. 2.
By the grace of God, on Jan. 4, 1999 a pilgrim who was 3 months and 3 weeks and 1 day shy of 27 boarded an EL AL Airlines (founded 1948) flight to the Holy Land for Christmas and Epiphany.
+ Mar. 24, 1999 – NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, marking the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign state. The campaign lasted 78 days and included bombing the headquarters of the Radio Television of Serbia on Apr. 23, killing 16 workers.
+ July 16, 1999 – 38 years old John F. Kennedy Jr.'s single-engine plane that he piloted himself departed at 8:38 pm from New Jersey's Essex County Airport, 21 miles west of Midtown Manhattan, and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, killing him, his wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy, 33, and her older sister Lauren Bessette (b. 1964). On July 21, Navy divers recovered their bodies from the ocean floor.
The son of former president John F. Kennedy, JFK Jr. would actually live 8 years less than his father who was cut down at the age of 46.
+ Aug. 16, 1999 – The State Duma approved the appointment of 46 years old, former intelligence officer Vladimir Putin as prime minister with 233 votes in favor. Putin was elected President in March 2000 by 53% of voters and served as Prime Minister of Russia again from 2008 to 2012. He is the longest-serving President of modern Russia, winning again and again in 2004, 2012, 2018 and 2024.
Despite the relentless barrage of vilification by the globalist media, President Vladimir Putin (born on the 7th), aided by his faith in God, and with the help of the Russian Orthodox Church and patriotic Russians, has been able to save and restore Great Russia.
"We view the appearance of a powerful military bloc on our border as a direct threat to the security of our nation. The claim that this process is not directed against Russia will not suffice. National security is not based on promises." ~ Vladimir Putin, at the 2008 Bucharest Summit or 21st NATO Summit in Romania
https://youtu.be/rilLphUn7z4?si=XJnHpiDdLKYPeswF
https://youtu.be/VoPb_2EPY-w?si=9HUnO9dSN6d4aanB
https://youtu.be/Yp16n2vEbxk?si=nTDDiOhQb6ywZr4-
+ Sept./Oct. 1999 edition of Cato Policy Report: “Bombing Serbia Was WRONG”
"... President Clinton initiated the bombing campaign without authority from Congress, the NATO Charter, or the UN Security Council."
"... The major strategic threats of this period are an alliance of convenience between Russia and China and terrorist threats based on a proliferation of grievances against the United States. All of those interests were seriously threatened by the bombing of Serbia."
+ Oct. 31, 1999 – According to American investigators, the co-pilot of EgyptAir Flight 990, which crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off New England, deliberately crashed the plane as an act of revenge, killing all 217 people, including 33 Egyptian military officers, aboard.
(June 1, 2001)
+ A suicide bomber blew himself up outside the Dolphinarium discotheque on the beachfront in Tel Aviv, Israel, killing 21 Israelis, 16 of whom were teenagers.
U.S. President George W. Bush stated, "There is no justification for senseless attacks against innocent civilians."
(9-11-2001, 1-1-1994 Eth. cal.)
+ On Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001, Islamic militants carried out kamikaze suicide attacks in one of the most traumatic events of the century. 33 years old Egyptian Mohamed Atta was the suspected ringleader of the 19 hijackers.
The hijacking of American Airlines Flight 11 was first reported to authorities by San Francisco native, Chinese American flight attendant Betty Ann Ong at 8:19 am. 27 minutes later, at 8:46 am, it was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York. The plane's transponder had been switched off at 8:21 am.
American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked by 5 terrorists and deliberately crashed into the Pentagon in Virginia, killing all 64 (including 53 passengers) aboard and another 125 in the building.
United Airlines Flight 93 was 42 minutes behind schedule when it left the runway at 08:42 from New Jersey to San Francisco, making it the only plane hijacked that day not to be a Los Angeles–bound flight. The plane was hijacked 46 minutes into the flight and crashed into a field in Pennsylvania, killing the 7 crew members and 33 passengers on board. The 46 minutes delay allowed the passengers to learn the truth of the situation, fight back beginning at 9:57 am and save thousands of lives as it is believed the hijackers intended to hit the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C.
43rd President George Walker Bush (b. 1946) said in a televised address to the nation, "... A great people has been moved to defend a great nation ... comforted by a power greater than any of us, spoken through the ages in Psalm 22 (23) –
"Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil for You are with me."
(27+16 = 43, 43×64 = 2,752)
https://youtu.be/FP2Nl-aDKv8?si=INtWffiJjAlr8vfD
2008
+ Jan. 21, 2008 – Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.
+ Feb. 4, 2008 – Iran opens its first space center and launches a rocket into space.
+ Feb. 8, 2008 – American physicist, astronomer and cosmologist Dr. Robert Jastrow (Columbia U., 1948) died at his home in Virginia. His book "God and the Astronomers" was first published in 1978. From page 116:
"At this moment it seems as though science will never be able to raise the curtain on the mystery of creation. For the scientist who has lived by his faith in the power of reason, the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak; as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries."
+ Feb. 11, 2008 – "The Fall of an Empire – The Lesson of Byzantium" was a historical documentary film by Russian Orthodox Bishop Tikhon (b. 1958) who studied film production before entering the clergy. The film deals with the Eastern Roman Empire’s eventual demise and how it lost its “ability to respond to the calls of history.”
+ Feb. 17, 2008 – Republic of Kosovo is proclaimed to be a state independent from Serbia. However, the declaration violates Article 8 of the Constitution of Serbia.
+ Feb. 19, 2008 – 81 years old leader Fidel Castro announced his retirement as the Cuban head of state, 49 years after seizing power in an armed revolution. (33+16 = 7×7 = 49)
Castro began organizing armed rebellion in 1953. The Comandante died in 2016.
+ Feb. 23, 2008 – Spirit of Kansas, an American B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, crashed on the runway moments after takeoff from Andersen Air Force Base in Guam, making it the most expensive airplane crash in history. After this loss, the United States Air Force reportedly has 19 B-2s in service as of A.D. 2025.
+ Apr. 3, 2008 – 21st NATO Summit, Bucharest, Romania. Declaration #23: "NATO welcomes Ukraine’s and Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic aspirations. ... We agreed today that these countries will become members of NATO."
+ Apr. 18, 2008 – The satirical documentary film "Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed" is released in the United States. It examines the wicked sway the pseudoscience of evolution has over the world’s top scientists, educators and philosophers. It also exposes that dissenting educators and scientists are being ridiculed, denied tenure and even fired – for the “crime” of merely believing that there is an awesome and awe-inspiring design in the Universe, and that Life is not just the result of accidental, random chance.
Epistle of Saint Paul the Apostle to the Romans, Chapter 1
20 For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse, 21 because, although they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God, nor were thankful, but became futile in their thoughts, and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Professing to be wise, they became fools.
God and the Origin of the Universe, 2019, By Dr. Stephen Meyer (b. 1958)
https://youtu.be/7pk9oDrpf6k?si=fspuJG5PCnqfny94
+ May 12, 2008 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.
+ May 28, 2008 – 7 years after a horrific tragedy wiped out the entire royal family of Nepal, the world's last Hindu monarchy was abolished by the First Constituent Assembly.
Gyanendra, the last monarch of Nepal (2001-2008), ascended to the throne following the suicide of the Crown Prince who assassinated King Birendra and 8 other members of the royal family including the Queen.
+ Aug. 8-12, 2008 – The Russo-Georgian War took place after Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili sent troops into the province of South Ossetia. The 5-day-long conflict is regarded as the first European war of the 21st century.
August 2008 was a turning point for Russia and its relations with the West. Many Russians saw the war with Georgia as a proxy war with NATO and their worst fears, of the alliance and its encroaching on Russian borders, were reinforced.
+ Aug. 8, 2008
– The opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics in Beijing started at 8 minutes and 8 seconds past 8 pm (local time) on 8/8/2008.
– EuroCity express train EC 108 en route from Kraków to Prague strikes fallen debris from an overhead motorway bridge and derails, killing 8 people and injuring 64 others.
+ Aug. 16, 2008 – 21 years old Usain Bolt of Jamaica strikes gold in the men's 100 metres sprint in the Beijing Olympics, setting a world record. 80 athletes from 64 countries competed for the title. Bolt eventually becomes an 8-time Olympic champion.
+ Aug. 20, 2008 – Spanair Flight 5022, a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Barcelona to Gran Canaria, Spain via Madrid, crashed just after take-off from runway 36L at Madrid-Barajas Airport. Of the 172 passengers and crew on board, 154 died and 18 survived.
+ Aug. 23, 2008 – In a game played under extreme conditions of 42°C (108°F) heat, Angel di Maria (b. 1988) collected Lionel Messi's expertly timed through ball in the 58th minute, raced forward and scored to win football Gold for Argentina at the 2008 Olympics. The delighted Diego Maradona, World Cup winner in 1986 (1978 Eth. cal.), was attending as a fan.
Di Maria also scored the decisive winning goal in the 2021 Copa America final.
+ Sept. 14, 2008 – Aeroflot Flight 821, a passenger jet traveling from Moscow to the Ural mountains city of Perm, crashed as it was preparing to land on runway 21, killing all 88 people on board.
+ Oct. 31, 2008 – A person or a group of people that called themselves Satoshi Nakamoto introduce to the world a digital currency by publishing a paper (8 pages) called Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. The total Bitcoin supply is limited to 21 million coins.
+ Nov. 4, 2008
– Senator Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States, becoming the first black president.
– Proposition 8 passes 52% to 48%, adding a new provision that "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California." Proposition 8 proponents emerged victorious despite a difficult uphill battle that pitted grassroots Californians against a hostile political establishment, judiciary, and Hollywood elite that pulled out all the stops in the fight to defeat the initiative.
+ Nov. 20, 2008 – President Shimon Peres (8th Prime Minister as head of the 21st government of Israel, d. 2016) was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG) by Queen Elizabeth II (b. Apr. 21, d. Sept. 8).
+ Nov. 26-29, 2008 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people.
+ Dec. 2, 2008 – The United States Capitol Visitor Center opened on the anniversary of the placement of the Statue of Freedom atop the Capitol Dome in 1863. The Visitor Center is entirely located underground, approximately three-quarters the size of the Capitol itself, and cost $621 million dollars.
Congress, along with the Library of Congress and the Supreme Court, moved into the newly completed United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. in November 1800. One of the most recognizable symbols of representative democracy in the world, it was burned down by British soldiers in the War of 1812 and attacked by a mob on Jan. 6, 2021 in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the certification of election results formalizing the victory of 46th President Joe Biden (b. 1942).
+ Dec. 11, 2008 – American financier Bernie Madoff (1938-2021) who ran the largest Ponzi scheme in history, worth about $64.8 billion, is arrested by F.B.I. agents and charged with securities fraud.
(Mar. 8, 2014)
+ Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, a Boeing 777 with 227 passengers and 12 crew members on board, became one of history’s most perplexing missing aircraft. It disappeared during a flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, piloted by the captain Shah, 53, and the first officer Hamid, 27. The last voice communication from the crew occurred at 1:19 am, and at 1:21 am the plane’s transponder was switched off.
(Meshir 8, 1731 Coptic cal., 1464 Armenian cal.)
+ Feb. 15, 2015 (The Feast of Presenting the Lord Christ into the Temple, Sunday) – A video was posted online showing the beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, who had been kidnapped near Sirte in Libya, by Libyan jihadists affiliated with the terrorist organisation Islamic State (ISIS).
On Feb. 21, 2015, Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria canonized the 21 Coptic martyrs as saints of the Coptic Orthodox Church, and Pope Francis later recognized them as saints in the Catholic Church as well. The martyrs refused to deny Christ and have become saints of the Holy Church who were victorious over the world and the evil in the world.
Philippians 2:8
And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross.
Isaiah 19:21
Then the Lord will be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians will know the Lord in that day, and will make sacrifice and offering; yes, they will make a vow to the Lord and perform it.
"You victorious martyrs who endured torments gladly for the sake of God and Savior, you who have boldness of speech toward the Lord Himself, you saints, intercede for us who are timid and sinful men, full of sloth, that the grace of Christ may come upon us, and enlighten the hearts of all of us so that we may love Him." ~ St. Ephrem the Syrian
https://youtu.be/QrbxtN4mq4k?si=OyTsmU97Z2qZZn6A
https://youtu.be/_gTlWfsF0fs?si=KkExn17LcrVhXWkw
+ Apr. 24, 2015 – Ethnic Armenians worldwide marked the 100th anniversary of a genocide at the hands of Ottoman Turks that claimed the lives of about 1.5 million innocent victims.
Apr. 24, 1915 is considered the beginning of the Armenian genocide Հայոց ցեղասպանության, and is commonly known as Red Sunday, which saw the deportation and execution of many Armenian intellectuals.
https://www.armenian-genocide.org/memorials.html
2016
+ Jan. 8, 2016 – Joaquín Guzmán, widely regarded as the world's most powerful drug trafficker, is recaptured following his escape from a maximum security prison in Mexico.
+ Feb. 12, 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill (b. 1946) sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their schism in 1054.
Pope Francis, who led the Catholic Church for 12 years, was born in Argentina in 1936 and was inspired to join the Jesuits in 1958 after recovering from a severe illness. He passed away at the age of 88 on Easter Monday, Apr. 21, 2025 A.D. and was buried at Santa Maria Maggiore, the first church dedicated to Holy Virgin Mary in the Western world and the mother of all sanctuaries in Rome.
"The Virgin Mary told me, 'Prepare the tomb'," Pope Francis said Our Lady the Mother of God told him when he was discerning whether to be buried in the historic Marian church. The Pope called a cardinal to his Vatican residence and shared what Our Lady told him, adding, "I am happy that Our Lady hasn't forgotten about me," and asked him to begin preparing the tomb, the cardinal told reporters. St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, celebrated his first Mass at the Basilica of Saint Mary Major in 1538, making it a fitting burial place for the church's first Jesuit pope.
+ Mar. 21, 2016 – 44th President Barack Obama visits Cuba, marking the first time a sitting U.S. president has visited the island nation in 88 years (since 1928).
+ Apr. 1-5, 2016 – Clashes occur along the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact between Artsakh Defense Army, backed by the Armenian Armed Forces, and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.
+ May 19, 2016 – EgyptAir Flight MS804 flying overnight from Paris to Cairo crashed into the eastern Mediterranean Sea, all 66 passengers and crew on board died.
The crash came 7 months after an Airbus A321 operated by the Russian airline Metrojet was brought down by a terrorist bomb over Egypt's Sinai peninsula on Oct. 31, 2015, killing all 224 people on board.
+ June 1, 2016 – The Gotthard Base Tunnel is opened in Switzerland following two decades of construction work. With a route length of 57 km (35 mi), it is the world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunnel.
+ June 23, 2016 – The United Kingdom votes in a referendum to leave the European Union. Nigel Farage (b. 1964) played a leading role in the referendum.
+ July 7, 2016 – Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu became the first Israeli head of state to visit Ethiopia. He was welcomed at the national palace by Ethiopian Prime Minister Haile-Mariam ('Power of Mary') along with an honor guard and national anthems.
Netanyahu remarked, "... Israel has a special place in Ethiopia and ... that's absolutely true. In fact, it goes back 3,000 years to King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba ... I've said before and I'll say it again: Israel is coming back to Africa and Africa is coming back to Israel." The Prime Minister also observed the lion and lioness in the palace garden.
I Kings 10
The Queen of Sheba’s Praise of King Solomon
8 Happy are your men and happy are these your servants, who stand continually before you and hear your wisdom! 9 Blessed be the Lord your God, who delighted in you, setting you on the throne of Israel! Because the Lord has loved Israel forever, therefore He made you king, to do justice and righteousness.”
https://youtu.be/jktgG3LNPy0?si=ey5x87EEw58lLVqn
https://youtu.be/QGLlcHAQQUk?si=L1zvXQ1r_1OmobW5
+ July 12, 2016 (Hamle 5, 2008 Eth. cal.) – Protests began in Gondar, Ethiopia when security forces attempted to arrest Colonel Demeke Zewdu, head of Welkait Amhara Identity Question Committee. The TPLF regime's apartheid policy led to its downfall in 2018, after 27 years of reign.
TPLF leader Meles Zenawi's 21 years of dictatorship ended with his sudden death in 2012 at age 57. TPLF security forces beat, harassed and imprisoned the monks of Waldeba Monastery, accusing them of killing him by their prayers to God.
"When we ask about our past it helps us see the present in a better light and determines how we answer questions about the future. ... That is why regimes redefine the past to construct a new reality. ... Waldeba has faced danger before. It has existed for thousands of years. Waldeba will exist for thousands more, no question about that. Waldeba is God's country. ... Those that attack or undermine Waldeba would have to answer to a higher authority. May God help them see the light, we have tried our best." ~ Yilma Bekele, June 7, 2012
https://ethiopianreview.com/content/tag/waldeba-monastery
+ July 14, 2016 – 86 people are killed and more than 400 others injured in a terrorist truck attack in Nice, France during Bastille Day celebrations. 14 of the dead are children.
+ Sept. 27, 2016 (Festival of the Holy Cross) – University of Toronto psychology Professor Jordan Peterson (b. June 12) speaks out against the gender lunacy of Canada's new act Bill C-16.
"Every high civilization decays by forgetting obvious things." “Over-civilization and barbarism are within an inch of each other. And a mark of both is the power of medicine-men.” ~ G.K. Chesterton (d. 1936)
+ Dec. 19, 2016 – An Islamic terrorist deliberately drives a truck into the Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin, leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured.
+ Dec. 25, 2016 – Jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashes into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi while en route to Syria. All 92 people on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, are killed.
https://youtu.be/fZ2iB5pklZQ?si=IvWIJnUlStAuJUMO
(Oct. 1, 2017)
+ 64 years old Stephen Paddock (b. 1953) opened fire onto a crowd attending the Route 91 Harvest music festival in Las Vegas (Paradise, Nevada). He fired more than 1,000 rounds from his hotel windows on the 32nd-floor, killing 58 people and wounding over 800 in the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history.
Paddock was an avid gambler and, according to his Catholic girlfriend, described himself as an atheist.
"Il y a un vide en forme de Dieu dans le cœur de chaque homme qui ne peut être comblé par rien de ce qui a été créé mais seulement par Dieu, le Créateur, qui s'est fait connaître aux hommes à travers Jésus." ~ 17th century French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 – Aug. 19, 1662)
Pascal was 31 when on Nov. 23, 1654 he had a miraculous vision of the "God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, not of philosophers and scholars," and was profoundly and unshakably converted to Our Lord Jesus Christ. He passed away 8 years later. (27+27 = 54, 12+19 = 31)
https://youtu.be/FAjAB5lUjgs?si=AgtPT7uBFRJe2A4E
2018
+ Jan. 7, 2018 – It took just 12 minutes of play for Argentinian football legend Lionel Messi to score his first goal of 2018. It was Messi's 365th league goal for Barcelona and marked his 400th appearance in La Liga, the Spanish premier league.
Messi won the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics and the 2021 Copa América for his nation. He left Barcelona in 2021 after spending his entire professional career with the club.
+ Mar. 18, 2018 – In the Russian presidential election, Vladimir Putin is elected for a fourth term.
+ Apr. 27, 2018 – Kim Jong Un crosses into South Korea to meet with President Moon Jae-in, becoming the first North Korean leader to cross the Demilitarized Zone since its creation in 1953.
+ May 20, 2018 – The first Yellow River Stone Forest International Marathon is held in Baiyin City of Gansu Province, China. A total of 14,400 contestants took part in the event. 3 years later, on May 22, 2021, 21 elite runners (1 in 8 or 12% of the total field contestants) died from hypothermia during the 100 km race, with another 8 hospitalized, according to the news reports.
+ May 25, 2018 – A majority of 66.4% of the electorate in Ireland voted in a referendum to repeal the 8th Amendment, thereby depriving unborn children of all meaningful protections.
+ June 12, 2018 – Chairman Kim Jong Un (b. Jan. 8) and President Donald Trump (b. 1946) held a summit in Singapore in the first-ever meeting between leaders of North Korea and the United States.
In 2019, Donald Trump became the first U.S. president to step into North Korea, reaching across the demarcation line in the Korean Demilitarized Zone 한반도 비무장 지대 that was established under the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement of July 27, 1953 and runs across the Korean Peninsula near the 38th parallel north.
+ June 14 – July 15, 2018 – Russia hosts the 21st FIFA World Cup, the first time they were held in Eastern Europe. France won her second World Cup.
(Hamle 2-21, 1958 Eth. cal. – The 8th FIFA World Cup was played in England from July 11-30, 1966. England won their first and so far only ever title, the 5th nation and the 3rd host nation to win the event.)
+ July 9, 2018 – Eritrea and Ethiopia officially declare an end to their 20-year conflict.
+ Aug. 1, 2018 – Abune Merkorios (b. 1938) the 4th Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, elected after the passing of Abuna Takla-Haymanot in May 1988, returned to Addis Ababa after living in exile almost 3 decades, and became recognized as Patriarch alongside Abune Mathias.
+ Oct. 20, 2018 – President Donald Trump announces that the U.S. will "terminate" the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty over alleged Russian violations.
+ Nov. 8, 2018 – The Camp Fire ignites, becoming California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire, with 85 deaths and almost 19,000 buildings destroyed. The town called Paradise was almost completely destroyed in the fire that lasted 18 days.
+ Dec. 8, 2018 – 19 Martyrs of Algeria: 7 Trappist monks of Our Lady of Atlas monastery in Tibhirine, who were kidnapped and later murdered, were beatified along with 12 other martyrs of Algeria. The 7 French monks were kidnapped on Mar. 27 and executed on May 21, 1996 (1988 Eth. cal.) by the Armed Islamic Group during the Algerian Civil War. On April 18, the GIA’s communiqué No. 43 had announced that they would release the monks in exchange for a former GIA leader who had been arrested 3 years earlier.
Trappist Father Jean-Pierre Schumacher, the last survivor of the massacre, passed away on Nov. 21, 2021, at the age of 97. He was one of the 2 monks who managed to escape the kidnapping and brutal killing of the 7, the other was Father Amédée Noto who passed away in 2008. Father Schumacher was ordained a priest in 1953, entered the Cicstercian (Trappist) Abbey of Notre-Dame de Timadeuc in Brittany in 1957 and moved to Tibhirine in 1964 with 3 others.
The Trappist Order was founded in 1664 in France. The Abbey of Our Lady of Atlas was inaugurated on Mar. 7, 1938 in the Atlas mountains of Algeria.
+ Dec. 19, 2018 – The Sudanese Revolution begins with spontaneous street protests throughout the country.
(Jan. 8, 2020)
+ Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 is shot down by Iran's armed forces shortly after takeoff from Tehran, killing all 176 people on board.
+ The world's first driverless bullet-train, a Chinese Fuxing, goes into operation.
+++ ወስብሐት ለእግዚአብሔር ልዑል ወለወላዲቱ ድንግል ወለመስቀሉ ክቡር ለዓለመ ዓለም፤ አሜን።
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